规模经营稻田土壤养分空间变异特征与高效平衡施肥效应

采用传统统计和地统计相结合的方法,对规模经营的黑龙江江川农场76.5hm2水稻田土壤养分空间变异特征与高效平衡施肥效应进行了研究。试区土壤养分主要限制因子是N、P、K和Zn,不同土壤养分的变异情况各不相同;三种网格(50m×50m、100m×100m和150m×150m)取样尺度下试区9个水稻田块间土壤主要养分含量差异总体上均显著,但同一田块三种网格取样尺度下土壤主要养分含量差异总体上均不显著;三种网格取样尺度的同一土壤速效养分在空间分布上具有较明显的空间相似性。表明按150m×150m网格进行土壤取样,能对规模经营稻田不同田块土壤主要养分状况进行正确评价;对规模经营的江川农场试区稻田可按田块(6.3～12.9hm2/田块)为管理单元进行土壤养分分区管理。在上述工作基础上,利用作物优质高产推荐施肥咨询服务系统,形成了试区水稻高效分区平衡施肥技术。该技术增产4.3%～11.2%,增收779～1532元/hm2,提高氮肥利用率12.6～14.0个百分点。

坡地不同水保措施下的平衡施肥效应研究初报

研究结果表明 :采用经济植物篱横坡种植 ,与传统的农民习惯种植方式相比 ,可减少土壤流失5 3.6%～ 65 .63% ,减少径流量 4 0 .37%～ 4 3.77% ,配合平衡施肥及合理密植 ,可提高坡耕地玉米产量 31.9%～ 35 .2 1%。

高寒阴湿区甘蓝型春油菜膜侧沟播平衡施肥效应研究

以甘蓝型杂交春油菜青杂5号为指示品种,在临夏州高寒阴湿区进行了春油菜膜侧沟播N、P、K平衡施肥试验。结果表明,限制临夏州高寒阴湿区春油菜产量的养分因子从大到小顺序为N、P、K。N、P、K配施对油菜产量构成因子有一定改善。膜侧沟播春油菜施农家肥30 t/hm2、N 120 kg/hm2、P2O5 90 kg/hm2、K2O 30 kg/hm2时折合产量最高,为4 315.5 kg/hm2,较不施肥增产1 111.5 kg/hm2,增产率34.69%。

黑龙江省不同农业生态区大豆平衡施肥效果研究

在明确黑龙江省大豆主产区土壤养分限制因子和农民施肥信息的基础上,根据李比希最小养分率原理设计施肥最佳处理(optimal treatment,OPT),在OPT基础上设计减素处理,进行多年、多点田间小区试验。结果表明:大豆平衡施肥经济效益显著。与OPT相比,不施氮肥、磷肥和钾肥,大豆分别减产14.9%、14.7%和18.2%;不施硫肥、硼肥和锌肥分别减产6.7%、8.2%和6.5%。OPT处理大豆氮肥、磷肥和钾肥养分回收率分别平均为39.6%、24.6%和41.8%;农学效率分别平均为8.86,5.48和6.82 kg·kg-1;氮、磷、钾的表观平衡系数分别平均为0.26,1.26,0.90。黑龙江省大豆养分高效管理运筹策略是东部三江平原农业生态区重点补充磷肥和硼肥,北部高寒农业生态区重点补充钾肥,中西部干旱、半干旱农业生态区重点补充硫肥、锌肥和硼肥。

Establishment of a Mathematical Model for Mulberry Balanced Fertilization in Hilly Areas of Sichuan Province

In order to increase mulberry leaf yield and production efficiency in hilly areas of Sichuan Province through scientific fertilization,＂3414＂,a quadratic regression design for modern fertilization,was employed to simulate the regression relationship between mulberry leaf yield and major fertilizer elements including nitrogen（N）,phosphor（P） and potassium（K） among which mulberry leaf yield was the objective function and N,P and K were the regulatory factors to fertilization level.As a result,7 types of ternary,binary and monadic quadratic fertilizer effect functions of N,P and K fertilizer elements were established.The weight of fertilizer factors in the optimal mulberry leaf yield obtained by various types of functions was in decreasing order of KPKPNPKNKNNP,and the weight of fertilizer factors in the ratio of leaf yield to input was in decreasing order of K〉PK〉NPK〉P〉NK〉NP〉N.To be specific,the ternary quadratic fertilizer effect function（Y=20 313＋0.25X1＋43.48 X2＋34.47X3-0.01X1^2-0.14X2^2-0.06X3^2＋0.05X1X2＋0.02X1X3-0.07X2X3,in which X1,X2 and X3 indicate the fertilizer factors N,P and K,respectively） was a model containing all factors,thereby being a recommended fertilization program for mulberry field.Single factor effect analysis indicated that K fertilizer had the highest influence on mulberry leaf yield and ratio of leaf yield to input.Therefore,among all the simulation functions,the monadic quadratic fertilizer effect function of K fertilizer factor（Y=25 002.27＋44.728X3-0.084X32） leads to the optimal leaf yield and maximum ratio of leaf yield to input.By using the optimal fertilization program with 600 kg/hm2 N,210 kg/hm2 P2O5 and 254.33 kg/hm2 K2O,the optimal economic leaf yield obtained is 30 945.00 kg/hm2,the cost of fertilizer input is 4 403.65 yuan/hm2,and the ratio of leaf yield to input is as high as 17.57.After verification by production practices,the recommended fertilization indicators in the optimal mulberry fertilization program can provide reference for the construction of high-yield mulberry field in hilly areas of Sichuan Province.