洛河油田“平注平采”整体压裂工艺技术研究

针对天然能量弹性开发的致密低渗透油藏水平井压后初期产量高、产量递减快、稳产难度大等难点,为了进一步提高鄂尔多斯盆地洛河油田长7储层的开发效益,基于储层工程地质特征,单井测录井及井网条件,采用油藏数值模拟和全三维压裂设计软件相结合的方法,优化了“平注平采”水平井组的裂缝形体布局,裂缝参数及施工参数。裂缝采用不等间距交叉布缝（避开注水井水线位置）,缝间距为60~112m、裂缝条数为7~9条,裂缝半长为120~150m,导流能力为30~40μm2·cm,远离注水水线位置的施工排量为4.0~4.5m3/min,规模为35~40m3,离水线近位置的施工排量为3.0~3.5m3/min,规模为22~28m3。通过现场试验,压后水平井试油期间日产油量5t,关井注水地层能量达110%时开井生产,LH1-2-7P16井稳定日产油量5.1t,LH1-2-7P18井稳定日产油量3.8t,相比邻近水平井分别提高了1.7和2.3倍,增产效果明显,实现了区块水平井组整体开发的技术突破,为其他类似油藏开发提供技术依据。

我爱读黄亚平采写的社会新闻

我爱读黄亚平采写的社会新闻文／＠＠纪方西安晚报社有个记者叫黄亚平。我并不认识其人，不知是男是女，是胖是瘦，是老是中还是青？可我喜欢读其文。我订有一份《西安晚报》，在晚报一版上，几乎天天见到黄亚平的名字和稿子，多数是反映都市生活和市民风貌的社会新闻，其...

北平采药历险记

1943年初,我在娘子关“兴记”杂货铺当店员,在老板高鸿科的介绍下认识了党的地下工作者张祥同志,在张祥同志的指引下,开始走上了革命道路。 1944年杂货铺关闭。这年4月,我考入日伪阳泉警务段,被分到娘子关车站任“警务手”,8月又调到井陉车站任“警士”。这个职业对开展地下工作十分有利,经张祥同志请示我边区平定县政府领导刘松青。

组合台阶开采参数的研究

本文阐述了在大规模工业试验的基础上,研究组合台阶开采参数的确定方法和在各种开采参数条件下技术上可行的开采工艺及其工艺配合方法,进而研究了不同开采参数与设备效率、作业成本之间的内在规律。

河北省平泉早奥陶世冶里组碳酸盐风暴沉积

河北平泉地区冶里组碳酸盐岩风暴沉积极为发育,含原地型风暴岩、异地型风暴岩、风暴浊积岩和生物截丘灰岩等4种类型。风暴沉积反映本区冶里组沉积时经历了一个完整的海进-海退旋回,当时区内古地理面貌为北高南低、海水北浅南深。此外,风暴沉积在露头层序地层划分中,对于海进体系域和高水位体系域的识别具有重要的指示作用。

高孔高渗油藏深部调驱改善开发效果研究

留西油田路36断块水平井二次开发转入人工注水后,暴露出储层非均质性强,水井层间矛盾突出,油井层间、平面见效不均的开发矛盾。利用监测手段开展改善水驱效果的研究,结合该油藏高孔高渗直注平采的特点,通过不断优化调驱体系,实现油层深部液流转向,与常规的注采关系完善相结合,进一步扩大水驱波及体积,改善主力油层层内、平面见效状况。采取"大剂量、小排量、变浓度"的深部调驱技术,改善了油藏的开发效果,使路36断块采收率由调驱前的35.48%提高到目前的44.49%。

平果那豆铝土矿矿体产出地质特征及开采技术条件

广西平果岩溶堆积型铝土矿是一种新的工业类型 ,规模大 ,品位高 ,埋藏浅 ,易采易选 ,矿床地质特征独特 ,属低硅中铝高铁型。

Prestack nonstationary deconvolution based on variable-step sampling in the radial trace domain

The conventional nonstationary convolutional model assumes that the seismic signal is recorded at normal incidence. Raw shot gathers are far from this assumption because of the effects of offsets. Because of such problems, we propose a novel prestack nonstationary deconvolution approach. We introduce the radial trace （RT） transform to the nonstationary deconvolution, we estimate the nonstationary deconvolution factor with hyperbolic smoothing based on variable-step sampling （VSS） in the RT domain, and we obtain the high-resolution prestack nonstationary deconvolution data. The RT transform maps the shot record from the offset and traveltime coordinates to those of apparent velocity and traveltime. The ray paths of the traces in the RT better satisfy the assumptions of the convolutional model. The proposed method combines the advantages of stationary deconvolution and inverse Q filtering, without prior information for Q. The nonstationary deconvolution in the RT domain is more suitable than that in the space-time （XT） domain for prestack data because it is the generalized extension of normal incidence. Tests with synthetic and real data demonstrate that the proposed method is more effective in compensating for large-offset and deep data.

地膜玉米发展历程及现状分析

地膜覆盖是冷凉山区旱地玉米高产栽培技术的重大突破,本文有针对性地阐述了平泉县县北冷凉区发展旱地地膜玉米的历程,根据自然生态条件及多年来从事农业技术推广和玉米生产的实践,总结出不同产量目标下的技术措施,指出了玉米生产中存在的主要问题,提出了地膜玉米生产可持续发展的对策,为当地和相邻生态类型区玉米的生产提供参考。

Safe mining technology of undersea metal mine

Xinli district of Sanshandao Gold Mine is the first subsea metal mine in China.To achieve 6 kt/d production capacity under the premise of safe mining,high-intensity mining might destroy the in-situ stress filed and the stability of rockmass.According to sampling and testing of ore-rock and backfill and in-situ stress field measurement,safety factor method calculation model based on stress-strain strength reduction at arbitrary points and Mohr-Coulomb yield criterion was established and limit displacement subsidence values under the safety factor of different limit stoping steps were calculated.The results from three years in-situ mining and strata movement monitoring using multi-point displacements meter showed that the lower settlement frame stope hierarchical level filling mining method,mining sequence are reasonable and rockmass stability evaluation using safety factor method,in-situ real-time monitoring can provide the technical foundation for the safety of seabed mining.

Prediction of Injection-Production Ratio with BP Neural Network

Injection of water to enhance oil production is commonplace, and improvements in understanding the process are economically important. This study examines predictive models of the injection-to-production ratio. Firstly, the error between the fitting and actual injection-production ratio is calculated with such methods as the injection-production ratio and water-oil ratio method, the material balance method, the multiple regression method, the gray theory GM (1,1) model and the back-propogation (BP) neural network method by computer applications in this paper. The relative average errors calculated are respectively 1.67%, 1.08%, 19.2%, 1.38% and 0.88%. Secondly, the reasons for the errors from different prediction methods are analyzed theoretically, indicating that the prediction precision of the BP neural network method is high, and that it has a better self-adaptability, so that it can reflect the internal relationship between the injection-production ratio and the influencing factors. Therefore, the BP neural network method is suitable to the prediction of injection-production ratio.

False anomaly recognition with horizontal differential field lines method in high-density electrical technique and its application in Xinlei Quarry,Jiuquan

As an important geophysical tool,high density electrical technique infers the underground geological structures by processing and inverting the apparent resistivity data.Currently,the false anomalies have been frequently occurred in the graph of apparent resistivity pseudo-section or inverted geoelectrical section obtained from high-density electrical technique,and are difficult to remove.In this study,the authors explain the mechanism of the false anomalies and put forward the horizontal differential field method to identify the false anomalies.Based on the analysis of modeling results,this method is applied in the surveying data in Xinlei Quarry of Jiuquan,and the results confirm the effectiveness of the horizontal differential field method.

A level set based segmentation approach for point-sampled surfaces

Segmenting a complex 3D surface model into some visually meaningful sub-parts is one of the fundamental problems in digital geometry processing. In this paper, a novel segmentation approach of point-sampled surfaces is proposed, which is based on the level set evolution scheme. To segment the model so as to align the patch boundaries with high curvature zones, the driven speed function for the zero level set inside narrow band is defined by the extended curvature field, which approaches zero speed as the propagating front approaches high curvature zone. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is demonstrated by our ex- perimental results. Furthermore, two applications of model segmentation are illustrated, such as piecewise parameterization and local editing for point-sampled geometry.

Developing selective mining capability for longwall shearers using thermal infrared-based seam tracking

Longwall mining continues to remain the most efficient method for underground coal recovery. A key aspect in achieving safe and productive longwall mining is to ensure that the shearer is always correctly positioned within the coal seam. At present, this machine positioning task is the role of longwall personnel who must simultaneously monitor the longwall coal face and the shearer's cutting drum position to infer the geological trends of the coal seam. This is a labour intensive task which has negative impacts on the consistency and quality of coal production. As a solution to this problem, this paper presents a sensing method to automatically track geological coal seam features on the longwall face, known as marker bands, using thermal infrared imaging. These non-visible marker bands are geological features that link strongly to the horizontal trends present in layered coal seams. Tracking these line-like features allows the generation of a vertical datum that can be used to maintain the shearer in a position for optimal coal extraction. Details on the theory of thermal infrared imaging are given, as well as practical aspects associated with machine-based implementation underground. The feature detection and tracking tasks are given with real measurements to demonstrate the efficacy of the approach. The outcome is important as it represents a new selective mining capability to help address a long-standing limitation in longwall mining operations.

A Study on consumers＇ continuing to use online group-buying platforms： The impact of price performance expectations

In this study, we aim to understand the characteristics of online group-buying consumers and to investigate salient factors which influence the continuance intention of online group-buying platforms （OGBP） to bridge this knowledge gap. An expectation-confirmation model of information systems （IS） continuance is adapted to construct a research model in online group-buying contexts. A total of 289 complete and valid responses were collected. Our findings contribute to academics and practitioners in two ways： Firstly, our respondents show that they are young （93% of the respondents＇ ages range between 19 and 28 years old）, female （88% of the respondents）, and thrifty （82% of the respondents＇ transaction amounts are below US$16）. Secondly, based on our results, price performance expectations have a direct impact on confirmation. In addition, in contrast to the IS continuance model （Bhattacherjee, 2001）, the effect of perceived usefulness on satisfaction is not supported. Thus, in online group-buying settings, confirmation is the key antecedent of satisfaction. Satisfaction and perceived usefulness are significantly associated with OGBP continuance intention. Consequently, in addition to offering a wide assortment of merchandise and a convenient online shopping experience to enhance customers＇ perceived usefulness of OGBP, OGBP managers should aim low-price marketing strategies at this female, young, thrifty and price-sensitive segment to transcend consumers＇ price expectations and attract consumers＇ continued intention to visit OGBP.

Stress spatial evolution law and rockburst danger induced by coal mining in fault zone

In order to explore the influence of coal mining disturbance on the rockburst occurring in fault zone, this research constructed a mechanical model for the evolution of fault stress, and analyzed the influence of the ratio of horizontal stress to vertical stress on the stability of fault, and the spatial distribution of the stress in fault zone as well as its evolution rule. Furthermore, the rockburst danger at different spatial areas of fault zone was predicated. Results show that: when both sides of the working face are mined out, the fault zone in the working face presents greater horizontal and vertical stresses at its boundaries but exhibits smaller stresses in its middle section; however, the ratio of horizontal stress to vertical stress is found to be greater at middle section and smaller at boundaries. As the working face advances towards the fault, the horizontal and vertical stresses of the fault firstly increases and then decreases; conversely,the ratio of horizontal stress to vertical stress keeps decreasing all the time. Therefore, if the fault zones are closer to the goaf and the coal wall, the stress ratio will be smaller, and the fault slip will be more prone to occur, therefore rockburst danger will be greater. This research results provide guidance for the rockburst prevention and hazard control of the coal mining in fault zone.

Monitoring of coal-mine goaf based on 4D seismic technology

The range of coal-mine underground goaf has continuously expanded over time.Caving,fracture,and deformation zones have also changed,thereby inducing coal-mine water inrush and other environmental disasters.In this study,4 D seismic monitoring technology that is effective in reservoir development was used to monitor abnormal changes in coal-mine underground goaf to explore the feasibility of the method.Taking a coal mine in Hancheng,Shaanxi as an example,we used the aforementioned technology to dynamically monitor the abnormal changes in the goaf.Based on the 4 D seismic data obtained in the experiment and the abnormal change characteristics of the coal-mine goaf,the method of 4 D seismic data processing in reservoir was improved.A set of 4 D data processing flow for the goaf was established,and the anomalies in the surface elevation and overlying strata velocity caused by collapse were corrected.We have made the following improvements to the method of 4 D seismic data processing in the reservoir:(1)the static correction problem caused by the changes of surface elevation and destruction of the low-velocity layer has been solved through fusion static correction to comb the low-frequency components of elevation statics with the high-frequency components of refraction statics;(2)the problem of overlying strata velocity changes in the goaf caused by collapse has been solved through the velocity consistency method;(3)the problem of reflection event pull-down in the disturbance area has been solved through space-varying moveout correction based on cross-correlation;and(4)amplitude anomalies in the coal seam caused by the goaf have been addressed using the correction method of space-varying amplitude.Results show that the 4 D seismic data processing and interpretation method established in this study is reasonable and effective.

Effects of Dietary Soy Isoflavones on Feed Intake,Growth Performance and Digestibility in Juvenile Japanese Flounder(Paralichthys olivaceus)

An 8-week feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary soy isoflavones on feeding intake,growth performance,and digestion of juvenile Japanese flounder(Paralichthys olivaceus).Four isonitrogenous(49% crude protein) and isoenergetic(20.1 MJ kg-1) diets were formulated to contain four graded levels of soy isoflavones,namely,0,1,4 and 8 g soy isoflavones in 1 kg of diet.Each diet was randomly fed to triplicate tanks of fish(Initial average weight:2.58 g ± 0.01 g),and each tank was stocked with 35 fish.No significant difference was observed among diets with levels of 0,1 and 4 g kg-1 soy isoflavones in feed intake,weight gain,feed efficiency ratio(FER),proximate composition of fish whole body and apparent digestibility coefficients(ADC) of nutrients and energy(P>0.05).However,high dietary soy isoflavones level(8 g kg-1) significantly depressed weight gain,FER,whole-body crude lipid content of fish and ADC of nutrients(P<0.05).These results indicate that high level of dietary soy isoflavones(above 4 g kg-1) significantly depresses growth responses and FER of Japanese flounder.However,as the content of soy isoflavones in soybean meal is around 1 to 3 g kg-1,the adverse effects might be neglected when soybean products are used as a fish feed ingredient.

Dust dispersion and management in underground mining faces

Presence of fine dust in air causes serious health hazard for mine operators resulting in such serious problems as coal workers’pneumoconiosis and silicosis.Major sources of dust appear of course along the mining face where the minerals are extracted.Proper control and management are required to ensure safe working environment in the mine.Here,we utilize the computational fluid dynamic(CFD)approach to evaluate various methods used for mitigating dust dispersion from the mining face and for ensuring safe level of dust concentration in the mine tunnel for safety of the operators.The methods used include:application of blowing and exhaust fans,application of brattice and combination of both.The results suggest that among the examined methods,implementation of appropriately located brattice to direct the flow from the main shaft to the mining face is the most effective method to direct dust particles away from the mining face.

Mountain Wood vs. Lowland Wood Harvesting Methods： An Ecological Case Study

Are Austrian mountain wood harvesting techniques more ecological than techniques applied in the lowlands of southern Germany？ For this comparative study, the authors selected the area of Lower Bavaria for lowland wood, as a great deal of wood is imported from this region to western Austria. At first, the felling area is described for both regions, from forest site to sawmill. Thereby, the authors create mean values related to timber harvesting and transportation, which are applicable to the whole of western Austria and Lower Bavaria, southern Germany. Secondly, the eco-balance of mountain and lowland wood is established. It is based on the following impact categories： global warming potential, acidification potential, eutrophication potential, ozone depletion potential and non-renewable primary energy. The environmental impact is more expressive if the results are applied to a specific construction part （i.e., glued laminated timber-ceiling）. Our research study showed the eco-balance of western Austrian mountain wood is more favourable than the environmental impact of harvesting lowland wood in southern Germany.