中国古塔平面演变的数理分析与启示

本文以数理分析的方法,阐明中国古塔平面形状由圆变方、由方趋圆又不为圆的原因所在,从而为现代高层建筑造型设计开辟了一条新思路。

江西传统村落建筑平面类型研究及演变——以江西石塘古镇为例

石塘镇是至今保存较好的江西古镇,其中仍保留着大部分的传统建筑。文章以江西石塘镇传统古镇为研究对象,通过对石塘镇建筑平面变形及组合类型的研究,来探讨传统古镇建筑平面的演变。通过实地调研和文献分析,梳理、分析了石塘镇传统古镇建筑平面演变,同时以现场测绘建筑为例,分类研究古村内民居建筑、宗祠建筑、商业建筑的平面组合类型,探索建筑的平面布局,进一步丰富了江西古镇及建筑的研究,为其他传统古镇研究提供借鉴方向。

三峡水库运行后荆江段河湾平面形态演变特征

目前对三峡水库运行后下游水文泥沙特性变化、河道冲刷与崩岸等问题已有认识,但对河湾平面形态演变还少见论述。本项研究基于研究区枯水期遥感影像,分析了三峡水库运行10余年来荆江段枯水河湾平面形态的演变特征。结果表明,枯水河湾的中心线长度、凸岸长度、凹岸长度、弯曲率和中心轴长度存在显著变异,以下荆江段的变异程度更大,凸、凹岸及上、下荆江段在演变过程上存在非同步性。上荆江段凹岸先于凸岸发生显著变异,且平面形态演变以凹岸冲刷延伸占主导作用,下荆江段凸岸先于凹岸显著变异,并以凸岸冲刷收缩占主导。大部分河湾尤其在下荆江,表现为面积、平均宽度明显增加,而中心线长度、弯曲率与中心轴长度减小,河湾发展具有河道冲刷展宽但弯曲退缩的特征。还讨论了平面形态演变与凸、凹岸冲淤变化的关系。

Sedimentary Evolution of the Holocene Subaqueous Clinoform off the Southern Shandong Peninsula in the Western South Yellow Sea

Based on the stratigraphic sequence formed since the last glaciation and revealed by 3000 km long high-resolution shallow seismic profiles and the core QDZ03 acquired recently off the southern Shandong Peninsula, we addressed the sedimentary characteristics of a Holocene subaqueous clinoform in this paper. Integrated analyses were made on the core QDZ03, including sedimentary facies, sediment grain sizes, clay minerals, geochemistry, micro paleontology, and AMS 14 C dating. The result indicates that there exists a Holocene subaqueous clinoform, whose bottom boundary generally lies at 15–40 m below the present sea level with its depth contours roughly parallel to the coast and getting deeper seawards. The maximum thickness of the clinoform is up to 22.5 m on the coast side, and the thickness contours generally spread in a banded way along the coastline and becomes thinner towards the sea. At the mouths of some bays along the coast, the clinoform stretches in the shape of a fan and its thickness is evidently larger than that of the surrounding sediments. This clinoform came into being in the early Holocene(about 11.2 cal kyr BP) and can be divided into the lower and upper depositional units(DU 2 and DU 1, respectively). The unit DU 2, being usually less than 3 m in thickness and formed under a low sedimentation rate, is located between the bottom boundary and the Holocene maximum flooding surface(MFS), and represents the sediment of a post-glacial transgressive systems tract; whereas the unit DU 1, the main body of the clinoform, sits on the MFS, belonging to the sediment of a highstand systems tract from middle Holocene(about 7–6 cal kyr BP) to the present. The provenance of the clinoform differs from that of the typical sediments of the Yellow River and can be considered as the results of the joint contribution from both the Yellow River and the proximal coastal sediments of the Shandong Peninsula, as evidenced by the sediment geochemistry of the core. As is controlled mainly by coactions of multiple factors such as the Holocene sea-level changes, sediment supplies and coastal dynamic conditions, the development of the clinoform is genetically related with the synchronous clinoform or subaqueous deltas around the northeastern Shandong Peninsula and in the northern South Yellow Sea in the spatial distribution and sediment provenance, as previously reported, with all of them being formed from the initial stage of the Holocene up to the present.

Evolved Urban Form to Respond to Extreme Sea Level Events in Coastal Cities

Along with climate change and global warming, ESLEs （extreme sea level events） are seriously threatening coastal cities＇ development. In order to respond to such events, transformational adaptation strategy in urban planning might play an important role. For instance, it has been proposed that BCR （building coverage ratio） should be minimized to a certain range in order to enhance coastal areas＇ resiliency. For the purpose of urban planning practices, the main objective of this research is to develop a method which could formulate the proper BCR range in vulnerable coastal areas. The research is conducted through simulating storm surge floods in simplified waterfront settlements with different BCRs. Data representing the impact of ESLEs collected through CFD （computational fluid dynamic） simulations has been examined. This research has proved that in dense coastal areas, ESLEs may cause serious damage to the built environment if their protective structures fail. It showed that controlling BCR is an effective way to enhance their resiliency. When the BCR is low, the pressure caused by storm surge floods and wave height can be greatly reduced. However, decreased BCR may also reduce land utilization efficiency. Simulation results indicated that controlling the BCR to around 36% might be the most effective scenario which balances resiliency and land use efficiency. They also showed that under the same storm surge flood scenario, the pressures caused by flood waves could be reduced if the length of the building is increased. This study might be considered as transformational adaptation measures that contributes some knowledge for waterfront development in vulnerable locations, and it also provides scientific and useful proof for sustainable strategies in coastal cities and reveals that particular urban design tools, such as BCR control, could play an essential role in responding to ESLEs.

Evolution of the Late Miocene atoll systems offshore Xisha Islands

Modern atolls have been studied systematically and thoroughly in the South China Sea.However,the knowledge of a paleo-atoll and related sedimentary system is very limited.Here we used the newly acquired high resolution 2D seismic data,and discovered three late Miocene atoll systems in the offshore Xisha Islands for the first time.We named them atoll system A,B,C,respectively.These three atoll systems,all developed on the horsts dominated by normal fault,consist mainly of atoll reefs,patch reefs,fore-reef slope deposits,and lagoons.On the basis of the interpreted sequence stratigraphic framework and the identification of fore-reef slope deposits,we suggested only the atoll system A continued to grow until Quaternary,and both of atoll system B and C had been drowned in Pliocene.In late Miocene,the atoll systems in the study area were most developed,either in magnitude or in maturity,which indicated late Miocene was the most flourishing period of reef builders,and this was in accordance with the drilling result of ODP Leg 184 in the South China Sea.Pliocene was an important reef drowning period in the study area,and both atoll systems B and C were drowned and hemipelagic deposits prevailed gradually.Quaternary was another reef drowning period in the study area,two large atoll reefs grown on the atoll system A were finally drowned,and hemipelagic deposits begun to drape and fill the palaeo-atoll systems.The growth and drowning of atolls are controlled mainly by tectonic subsidence in long term,but global eustatic can impact it in short term also.