山东气候年际变化特征及其与ENSO的关系

利用1951年以来65年的热带太平洋海表面温度数据和中国气温以及降水的站点观测资料,通过标准化处理和合成分析的方法,分析了山东气温和降水的季节气候特征及其年际变化,揭示了ENSO冷暖位相发展年及衰减年与山东气温和降水年际气候异常的关系。结果表明:在气温方面,山东地区春夏和秋冬季节温度分别呈经向和纬向分布,降水一年四季都表现为南多北少的特征;冬季鲁西北的气温年际变化在1°C以上,最为显著,而秋季气温的年际变化最不明显。对于降水的年际变化,夏季鲁西北、鲁南东部和胶州湾西部地区的年际变化最大,季节累计降水量异常最大达120mm以上,冬季降水年际变化最弱。ENSO对山东地区不同季节气温和降水异常强度的影响并非严格反对称,且存在显著的空间分布不均匀性;拉尼娜对山东气温年际变化的影响要比厄尔尼诺强、且影响范围广,厄尔尼诺对山东降水年际变化的影响更明显;厄尔尼诺和拉尼娜发展年和衰减年夏季对山东南部沿海地区(以青岛为例)气温正负变化的影响是反对称的,但是对内陆地区(以济南为例)而言,在厄尔尼诺/拉尼娜发展年冬季以及衰减年夏季两者对济南气温的影响是一致的;ENSO发展年夏季和秋季,厄尔尼诺/拉尼娜对南部沿海地区和内陆降水的影响不对称,但是对衰减年夏季降水的影响是反对称的。

伴随IOD型和独立型ENSO对山东气候年际变化的影响

使用1951年以来66 a的观测和再分析资料,通过合成分析的方法对比分析了厄尔尼诺/拉尼娜(El Nio/La Nia)伴随正/负印度洋偶极子(positive/negative Indian Ocean Dipole,pIOD/nIOD)发生年或独立发生年山东夏、秋季气温和降水的年际变化特征,结果表明,伴随IOD型和独立型El Nio/La Nia对山东夏、秋季气温和降水的影响在强度、范围、正负位相、空间型态上存在很大的差异。在气温方面,El Nio在p IOD的调制作用下对山东南部地区夏季气温年际变化的影响加强;El Nio与p IOD伴随发生时,山东秋季气温较常年偏高,而独立发生时气温则偏低,呈反位相变化;La Nia与n IOD伴随发生年夏季鲁西北气温较常年偏低,La Nia独立发生年夏季半岛东部气温较常年偏高,气温异常呈反位相变化;nIOD对La Nia的调制促进作用有利于山东秋季气温较常年异常偏高;850 h Pa气温异常与山东表面气温异常有很强的正相关关系。在降水方面,El Nio在pIOD的调制作用下容易引起山东北部地区夏季降水偏少,但会削弱其对山东中部地区秋季降水负异常的影响;La Nia在n IOD的调制作用下山东境内降水都较常年偏多,但降水异常地域分布非常不均,鲁西北降水较常年显著偏多;独立型La Nia更易引起鲁西北西部、鲁中、鲁南大部分地区夏季降水偏少。850 h Pa环流异常配合温度场异常对山东夏、秋季降水异常分布有一定的影响。

基于小波变换的广州市气温降水年际变化规律分析

利用Morlet复小波对广州市1952—2007年平均气温和降水量数据进行小波变换并计算其小波能量谱,从而探索近期人类活动影响下气温、降水的年际变化规律及其同步性。结果表明,近年来广州市年平均气温变化规律减弱,变化过程不明显。而年降水量的变化则从1995年开始,呈现明显的"干湿"变化,变化间隔短,震荡性增强。从大尺度(15～25年)来看,广州市年际气候变化过程中存在一定的水热同步规律。但是由于近年受全球变暖和人类活动的影响,从小尺度(3～8年)来看,广州市年际气候变化过程中具有水热不同步的特点。

ENSO动力学与预测

发生在热带太平洋地区的ENSO现象是海气相互作用的集中表现,是年际气候变化中的最强信号。由于它的发生会在全球许多地区引起严重的气候异常,极大地影响着这些地区的工农业生产和人民生活,因此,对ENSO的机理及其预测的研究一直是大气海洋界的一个热点研究课题。中国科学院大气物理研究所在ENSO的机理及其预测等方面进行了大量的研究,取得了许多研究成果。作者将对中国科学院大气物理研究所在这方面的一些研究成果进行回顾和介绍。

ENSO循环对西太平洋副高和福建汛期旱涝的影响

利用1951—2000年北太平洋海温和副高特征量资料,探讨了夏半年副高与前期海温的关系,发现影响副高活动的海温关键区赤道东太平洋前期信息最明显,从前期秋季持续至春季都保持与夏半年各月副高强度、西伸脊点位置的高相关;ENSO事件的形成超前于副高强度的转折约半年时间;ElNino年副高持续偏强偏西,LaNina年则相反,脊线位置也有所反映但不如强度与西伸变化显著。在此基础上进一步分析表明,福建雨季(5—6月)降水分布的异常直接受到副高活动的影响,夏季(7—9月)全省大部旱涝也直接受到副高南北位置差异的影响。而副高活动异常又明显受ENSO循环的制约,因而关注赤道东太平洋海温及ENSO信息对福建汛期旱涝与降水分布趋势的预测具有重要意义。

Weakening of Winter North Atlantic Oscillation Signal in Spring Precipitation over Southern China

In this study,the relationship between the North Atlantic Oscillation （NAO） in winter （DecemberFebruary） and the precipitation over southem China （SCP） in the following spring （March-May） was investigated.Results showed an interdecadal change,from strong to weak connection,in their connection.Before the early 1980s,they were highly correlated,with a strong （weak） winter NAO followed by an increased （decreased） spring SCP.However,after the early 1980s,their relationship was weakened significantly.This unstable relationship may be linked to the climatological change of East Asian jet.Before the early 1980s,the wave train along the Asian jet propagated the NAO signal eastward to East Asia and affected local upper-tropospheric atmospheric circulation.A strong NAO in winter led to an anomalous anticyclonic circulation at the south side of 30°N in East Asia in spring,resulting in an increase of SCP.In contrast,after the early 1980s,the wave train pattern along the Asian jet extended eastward due to strengthening of the climatological East Asian jet.Correspondingly,the NAO-related East Asian atmospheric circulations in the upper troposphere shifted eastward,thereby weakening the linkage between the spring SCP and the winter NAO.

Analysis of Surface Air Temperature Change in Macao During the Period 1901-2007

Change related to climate in Macao was studied on the basis of daily temperature observations over the period 1901-2007. The result shows that annual mean surface air temperature in Macao as a whole rose with a warming rate of about 0.066℃ per 10 years in the recent 107 years. The most evident warming occurred in spring and winter. The interdecadal variations of the seasonal mean temperature in summer and winter appeared as a series of waves with a time scale of about 30 years and 60 years, respectively. The annual mean minimum temperature increased about twice as fast as the annual mean maximum temperature, resulting in a broad decline in the annual mean diurnal range. The interdecadal variations of annual mean maximum temperature are obviously different from those of annual mean minimum temperature. It appears that the increase in the annual mean maximum temperature in the recent 20 years may be part of slow climate fluctuations with a periodicity of about 60 years, whereas that in the annual mean minimum temperature appears to be the continuation of a long-term warming trend.

Possible contribution of the PDO to the eastward retreat of the western pacific subtropical high

Previous studies have demonstrated that the western Pacific subtropical high(WPSH)has experienced an eastward retreat since the late 1970s.In this study,the authors propose that this eastward retreat of the WPSH can be partly attributed to atmospheric responses to the positive phase of the Pacific decadal oscillation(PDO),based on idealized SST forcing experiments using the Community Atmosphere Model,version 4.Associated with the positive phase of the PDO,convective heating from the Indian Peninsula to the western Pacific and over the eastern tropical Pacific has increased,which has subsequently forced a Gill-type response to modulate the WPSH.The resulting cyclonic gyre over the Asian continent and the western Pacific in the lower troposphere is favorable for the eastward retreat of the WPSH.Additionally,the resulting anticyclonic gyre in the upper troposphere is favorable for the strengthening and southward expansion of the East Asian westerly jet,which can modulate the jet-related secondary meridional-vertical circulation over the western Pacific and promote the eastward retreat of the WPSH.

Influence of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation on regional sea level rise in the Pacific Ocean from 1993 to 2012

The rate of regional sea level rise （SLR） provides important information about the impact of human activities on climate change. However, accurate estimation of regional SLR can be severely affected by sea surface height （SSH） change caused by the Pacific Decadal Oscillation （PDO-SSH）. Here, the PDO- SSH signal is extracted from satellite altimeter data by multi-variable linear regression, and regional SLR in the altimeter era is calculated, before and after removing that signal. The results show that PDO-SSH trends are rising in the western Pacific and falling in the eastern Pacific, with the strongest signal confined to the tropical and North Pacific. Over the past 20 years, the PDO-SSH accounts for about 30%/-400% of altimeter-observed SLR in the regions 8° 15°N, 130°-160°E and 30°-40°N, 170°-220°E. Along the coast ＆North America, the PDO-SSH signal dramatically offsets the coastal SLR, as the sea level trends change sign from falling to rising.

Interannual Variability of Sea Surface Temperature in the Northern Indian Ocean Associated with ENSO and IOD

The Northern Indian Ocean （NIO） sea surface temperature （SST） warming, associated with the E1 Nifio/Southern Oscillations （ENSO） and the Indian Ocean Dipole （IOD） mode, is investigated using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set （ICOADS） monthly data for the period 1979-2010. Statistical analy- ses are used to identify respective contribution from ENSO and IOD. The results indicate that the first NIO SST warming in September-November is associated with an IOD event, while the second NIO SST warming in spring-summer following the mature phase of ENSO is associated with an ENSO event. In the year that IOD co-occurred with ENSO, NIO SST warms twice, rising in the ENSO developing year and decay year. Both short- wave radiation and latent heat flux contribute to the NIO SST variation. The change in shortwave radiation is due to the change in cloudiness. A cloud-SST feedback plays an important role in NIO SST warming. The latent heat flux is related to the change in monsoonal wind. In the first NIO warming, the SST anomaly is mainly due to the change in the latent heat flux. In the second NIO warming, both factors are important.

An enhanced influence of sea surface temperature in the tropical northern Atlantic on the following winter ENSO since the early 1980s

Previous studies have revealed a connection between springtime sea surface temperature （SST） in the tropical northern Atlantic （TNA） and the succeeding wintertime El Nino-Southern Oscillation （ENSO）. The present analysis demonstrates that the linkage between springtime TNA SST and the following ENSO experiences an obvious interdecadal change around the early 1980s, with the connection being weak before but significant after. After the early 1980s, springtime positive TNA SST anomalies induce an anomalous cyclone over the northeastern subtropical Pacific and an anomalous Walker circulation with a descending branch over the tropical central-eastern Pacific. This leads to anomalous cold SST in the northeastern Pacific and an anomalous anticyclone over the western-central tropical Pacific, with anomalous easterlies to the equatorward side. As such, springtime TNA SST anomalies are followed by wintertime ENSO after the early 1980s. In contrast, before the early 1980s, anomalous cold SST in the northeastern Pacific and related anomalous easterlies over the western-central tropical Pacific are weak, corresponding to springtime positive TNA SST anomalies and resulting in a weak linkage between springtimeTNA SST and the succeeding wintertime ENSO. Further investigation implies that the change in the TNA SST-ENSO relationship is probably due to a change in springtime mean precipitation over the tropical Atlantic and South America.

Direct Climatic Effect of Aerosols and Interdecadal Variations over East Asia Investigated by a Regional Coupled Climate-Chemistry/Aerosol Model

The direct climatic effect of aerosols for the 1980-2000 period over East Asia was numerically investigated by a regional scale coupled climate-chemistry/ aerosol model, which includes major anthropogenic aerosols （sulfate, black carbon, and organic carbon） and natural aerosols （soil dust and sea salt）. Anthropogenic emissions used in model simulation are from a global emission inventory prepared for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fifth Assessment Report （IPCC AR5）, whereas natural aerosols are calculated online in the model. The simulated 20-year average direct solar radiative effect due to aerosols at the surface was estimated to be in a range of-9- -33 W m-2 over most areas of China, with maxima over the Gobi desert of West China, and-12 W m-2 to -24 W m-2 over the Sichuan Basin, the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River and the Yangtze River. Aerosols caused surface cooling in most areas of East Asia, with maxima of-0.8℃ to -1.6℃ over the deserts of West China, the Sichuan Basin, portions of central China, and the middle reaches of the Yangtze River. Aerosols induced a precipitation decrease over almost the entire East China, with maxima of-90 mm/year to -150 mm/year over the Sichuan Basin, the middle reaches of the Yangtze River and the lower reaches of the Yellow River. Interdecadal variation of the climate response to the aerosol direct radiative effect is evident, indicating larger decrease in surface air temperature and stronger per- turbation to precipitation in the 1990s than that in the 1980s, which could be due to the interdecadal variation of anthropogenic emissions.

Effect of Decadal Changes in Air-Sea Interaction on the Climate Mean State over the Tropical Pacific

Collaboration of interannual variabilities and the climate mean state determines the type of E1 Nifio. Recent studies highlight the impact of a La Nifia-like mean state change, which acts to suppress the convection and low-level convergence over the central Pacific, on the predominance of central Pacific （CP） E1 Nifio in the most recent decade. However, how interannual variabilities affect the climate mean state has been less thoroughly investigated. Using a linear shallow-water model, the ef- fect of decadal changes of air-sea interaction on the two types of El Nifio and the climate mean state over the tropical Pacific is examined. It is demonstrated that the predominance of the eastem Pacific （EP） and CP E1 Nino is dominated mainly by relationships between anomalous wind stresses and sea surface temperature （SST）. Furthermore, changes between air-sea interactions from 1980-98 to 1999-2011 prompted the generation of the La Ninalike pattern, which is similar to the background change in the most recent decade.

Analysis of Decadal Climate Variability in the Tropical Pacific by Coupled GCM

This study presents the spatial and temporal structures of the decadal variability of the Pacific from an extended control run of a coupled global climate model (GCM).The GCM used was version-g2.0 of the Flexible Global Ocean Atmosphere Land System (FGOALS-g2.0) developed at LASG/IAP.The GCM FGOALS-g2.0 re-produces similar spatial-temporal structures of sea surface temperature (SST) as observed in the Pacific decadal os-cillation (PDO) with a significant period of approximately 14 years.Correspondingly,the PDO signals were closely related to the decadal change both in the upper-ocean temperature anomalies and in the atmospheric circulation.The present results suggest that warm SST anomalies along the equator relax the trade winds,causing the SSTs to warm even more in the eastern equatorial Pacific,which is a positive feedback.Meanwhile,warm SST anomalies along the equator force characteristic off-equa-torial wind stress curl anomalies,inducing much more poleward transport of heat,which is a negative feedback.The upper-ocean meridional heat transport,which is asso-ciated with the PDO phase transition,links the equatorial to the off-equatorial Pacific Ocean,acting as a major mechanism responsible for the tropical Pacific decadal variations.Therefore,the positive and negative feedbacks working together eventually result in the decadal oscilla-tion in the Pacific.

Interannual and Seasonal Changes in the Ice Cover of Glacial Lakes in the Snowy Mountains of Australia

Seasonal ice cover is uncommon on Australian lakes. In the Snowy Mountains, there are five natural, seasonally ice-covered lakes including Lake Cootapatamba, the highest lake in Australia. Blue Lake is the only one of the five lakes with sufficient volume to be relatively independent of short-term changes in ambient temperature, and therefore is the lake most likely to be of use in tracking long-term regional climate change. Ice forms on Blue Lake near the winter solstice and ice-breakup occurs from late September to November. Timing of breakup is related to spring temperature and, as such, mirrors the timing of general snow thaw in the mountains. The existence of historic photographs taken of the lake at about the time of ice breakup allows for the possibility of reconstructing a history of alpine climate and in 1905 ice breakup was probably as late as mid-December.

Climatology and interannual variability of the annual mean Hadley circulation in CMIP5 models

Using 26 climate models from the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5(CMIP5), climatology and the interannual variability of the annual mean Hadley circulation are evaluated. The results show that most of 26 models perform well in simulating the spatial structure of the climatology of the annual mean Hadley circulation, but the results derived from these models are generally weaker than that derived from the reanalysis dataset. Eighteen models can properly simulate well the asymmetric mode and symmetric mode of the annual mean Hadley circulation variability. Two models can only simulate asymmetric mode or symmetric mode and the other two models simulate reversed sequences of asymmetric mode and symmetric mode.The possible reason why some models cannot properly simulate the asymmetric mode and symmetric mode is that these models do not properly simulate the structure of zonal mean sea surface temperature(SST). Especially, not properly simulating variances of symmetric and asymmetric components of the SSTA will lead to reversed sequence of symmetric mode and asymmetric mode. And not properly simulated either symmetric or asymmetric component of the SSTA will lead to inability in simulating symmetric mode or asymmetric mode. On the other hand, some models properly simulate the asymmetric mode and symmetric mode, but do not properly simulate the responses to SST change.These models can not reflect the air sea coupling processes in associated with the Hadley circulation, therefore they should be taken more care when classify the models into groups.

Does the Global Warming Pause in the Last Decade:1999-2008?

Issues related to the pause of global warming in the last decade are reviewed.It is indicated that:(1) The decade of 1999-2008 is still the warmest of the last 30 years,though the global temperature increment is near zero;(2) Natural factors such as volcanism,solar radiation,ENSO,and thermohaline circulation can have impact on the inter-annual and inter-decadal variability of global mean temperatures.However,it will not mask the global warming trend for a long time;(3) Temperatures of China continue to increase in 1999-2008 with an increment of 0.4-0.5℃per 10 years.

Comparison of the Influence of Interannual Vegetation Variability between Offline and Online Simulations

This study investigates the influence of interannual vegetation variability. Two sets of offline and online simulations were performed using the Community Earth System Model. The interannual Global LAnd Surface Satellite(GLASS) leaf area index(LAI) dataset from 1985 to 2000 and its associated climatological LAI were used to replace the default climatological LAI data in version 4 of the Community Land Model(CLM4). The results showed that on a global scale, canopy transpiration and evaporation, as well as total evapotranspiration in offline simulations were significantly positively correlated with LAI, whereas ground evaporation and ground temperature showed significant negative correlation with LAI. However, the correlations in online simulations were reduced markedly because of interactive feedbacks between albedo, changed climatic factors and atmospheric variability. In the offline simulations, the fluctuations of differences in interannual variability of evapotranspiration and ground temperature focused on vegetation growing regions and the magnitudes were smaller. Those in online simulations spread over more regions and the magnitudes were larger. These results highlight the influence of interannual vegetation variability, particularly in online simulations, an effect that deserves consideration and attention when investigating the uncertainty of climate change.

A multidecadal oscillation in the northeastern Pacific

The internal modes of the North Pacific can lead to climatic oscillations through ocean-atmosphere interactions and induce global climate responses.The best example is the Pacific Decadal Oscillation, but this fails to explain many climate phenomena. Here, another multidecadal variability over the North Pacific is described, found by analyzing reconstructed data covering the past 140 years. It is named the Pacific Multidecadal Oscillation （PMO）, with anomalously high/low SSTs over the northeastern Pacific, and a quasi-60-year cycle. Related to this low-frequency variability of SST, the global mean temperature and precipitation present significant interdecadal differences. More importantly, the PMO index leads the global mean surface air temperature and SST by one to three years. The Arctic Oscillation pattern and atmospheric circulations are shown to change substantially with the transition of the PMO mode from positive to negative phases. This multidecadal oscillation improves the prospect for a long-term forecast of the global warming trend, since the PMO bears a remarkable relationship with global temperature.

The Common Principal Component Analyses of Multi-RCMs

Based on a 10-year simulation of six Regional Climate Models(RCMs) in phase II of the Regional Climate Model Inter-Comparison Project(RMIP) for Asia,the multivariate statistical method of common principal components(CPCs) is used to analyze and compare the spatiotemporal characteristics of temperature and precipitation simulated by multi-RCMs over China,including the mean climate states and their seasonal transition,the spatial distribution of interannual variability,and the interannual variation.CPC is an effective statistical tool for analyzing the results of different models.Compared with traditional statistical methods,CPC analyses provide a more complete statistical picture for observation and simulation results.The results of CPC analyses show that the climatological means and the characteristics of seasonal transition over China can be accurately simulated by RCMs.However,large biases exist in the interannual variation in certain years or for individual models.