Background: EUS is an important modality for the diagnosis of pancreatic disea se. An understanding of normal pancreatic ductal and parenchymal variation in as ymptomatic individuals is essential to improve EUS accura...Background: EUS is an important modality for the diagnosis of pancreatic disea se. An understanding of normal pancreatic ductal and parenchymal variation in as ymptomatic individuals is essential to improve EUS accuracy. The primary aim of this study was to determine age-related pancreatic parenchymal and ductular cha nges identifiable on EUS in individuals with no history or symptoms of pancreati cobiliary disease. Secondary aims were to define demographic and clinical factor s associated with identifiable pancreatic parenchymal and ductular changes,and t o determine the main pancreatic-duct diameter and pancreatic-gland width accor ding to age. Methods: Patients referred for either upper endoscopy or EUS for an indication unrelated to pancreaticobiliary disease were prospectively enrolled. Patients were stratified by age (< 40, 40-60, >60 years). Each patient was ass essed for the presence of EUS findings for chronic pancreatitis. Logistic regres sion was used to identify factors associated with an abnormality. Results: A tot al of 120 patients(63 men, 57 women; median age, 52 years, interquartile range[I QR] 40-61 yea- rs) were prospectively evaluated. At least one parenchymal and/or ductular abn ormality was identified in 28%of the patients, with a trend of increasing abnor mality with age:< 40 years (23%), 40 to 60 years (25%), and >60 years (39%);p = 0.13. No patient had more than 3 abnormal EUS features.Hyperechoic stranding (n = 22) was the most common finding in all age groups. The odds for any abnorma lity in men (relative to women) was significantly higher (OR 2.9: 95%CI[1.2, 6. 8],p = 0.01), with 38%of men and 18%of women having an abnormality. Smoking, l ow alcohol intake, body mass index,and endoscopic finding were not significantly associated with an abnormal EUS. The overall median pancreatic-gland width and main pancreatic duct diameter were 15 mm (IQR 6-25 mm) and 1.7 mm(IQR 0.9-4.3 mm), respectively. Conclusions:The frequency of EUS abnormalities in patients w ithout clinical evidence of chronic pancreatitis increases with age, particularl y after 60 years of age. The threshold number of EUS criteria for the diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis is variable. However, the typically used standard of 3 o r more criteria appears appropriate.A higher number of threshold criteria may be needed in males and to a lesser extent in patients over 40 years of age,which s hould be related to clinical history and other structural or functional studies. Ductal or parenchymal calculi, ductal narrowing,ductal dilatation, or more than 3 abnormalities appear to be more specific features for the EUS diagnosis of ch ronic pancreatitis at any age.展开更多
有关研究表明偏好于互联网社交(Preference for Online Social Interaction,简称POSI)是影响病理性互联网使用(Problematic Internet Use,简称PIU)的重要因素之一,同时与多子女家庭相比,独生子女能够在一定程度上免疫POSI对PIU的影响效...有关研究表明偏好于互联网社交(Preference for Online Social Interaction,简称POSI)是影响病理性互联网使用(Problematic Internet Use,简称PIU)的重要因素之一,同时与多子女家庭相比,独生子女能够在一定程度上免疫POSI对PIU的影响效果,并且随着年龄的增长,这种免疫效应会有一个弱化趋势。为了进一步研究子女状况(独生子女和多子女)对POSI和PIU关系的调节效应以及不同年龄群组(青少年和准成年人)对这种效应的二次调节关系,我们采集了12051名不同年龄阶段的中国学生的数据信息,通过标准差分析、层次回归分析和相关性分析等统计方法,测试并分析了他们的POSI和PIU值、家庭成员状况、年龄以及其他的人口统计数据,得出的结果表明:a.POSI对PIU数值有正向作用;b.独生子女的PIU值比多子女的PIU值明显偏低;c.子女状况对POSI和PIU之间的关联性具有调节效应以及不同年龄群组对其关联性具有二次调节效应;d.年龄可弱化POSI和PIU之间的关联性。展开更多
We are currently faced with an aging population, which is rapidly growing worldwide. Two thirds of cancer occurs in the over 65-year age group. Societal conceptions from the past have created ageist stereotypes; old a...We are currently faced with an aging population, which is rapidly growing worldwide. Two thirds of cancer occurs in the over 65-year age group. Societal conceptions from the past have created ageist stereotypes; old age is associated with frailty and the elderly are perceived to be destined for deterioration and loss of independence. Cancer within the elderly is also subject to these stereotypes, with elderly cancer patients considered by some not as likely to recover as younger patients with cancer. We summarise and review the current concerns regarding elderly management and treatments utilised for the management of oncological disease in the elderly, and discuss the impact of under-treatment within this population.展开更多
Dam construction alters natural flow regimes which,in turn,cause significant changes in fish communities during and after impoundment. The construction of the Three Gorges Reservoir,from impoundment of the Changjiang(...Dam construction alters natural flow regimes which,in turn,cause significant changes in fish communities during and after impoundment. The construction of the Three Gorges Reservoir,from impoundment of the Changjiang(Yangtze) River,China,may have affected native fish species. Thus,the status of two lotic freshwater fish species,Coreius heterodon and C.guichenoti,were monitored in the Three Gorges Reservoir,including fish abundance,individual composition,growth,condition,and mortality. Data on both species were gathered from upstream,midstream and downstream areas of the reservoir and,where available,from studies published before and after dam construction. Lower abundance,slower growth,a less diversified age structure,poorer fish condition(indicated by hepatosomatic index) and higher mortalities were recorded in sites nearest the dam compared with upstream areas. Furthermore,after final impoundment,individual Coreius species inhabiting the area changed,with young individuals becoming more abundant,while upstream of the reservoir the two Coreius species became smaller at a given age. The results show that the status of the two Coreius species was subject to dramatic changes after impoundment.展开更多
We investigated the water-crossing behavior of Western Marsh Harriers(Circus aeruginosus),mostly adults,and European Honey Buzzards(Pernis apivorus),mostly juveniles,in relation to wind conditions,time of the day,floc...We investigated the water-crossing behavior of Western Marsh Harriers(Circus aeruginosus),mostly adults,and European Honey Buzzards(Pernis apivorus),mostly juveniles,in relation to wind conditions,time of the day,flocking and age classes,at a watchsite in central Italy during the autumn migration en route to Africa.Although European Honey Buzzards are less suited than Western Marsh Harriers to undertake long sea crossings,they were more inclined to leave the coast when migrating in flocks.Few birds of both species chose to fly along the coast.Western Marsh Harriers,such as European Honey Buzzards migrating alone,undertook the water crossing rather than stopping migration(birds roosting at the site or flying back inland) during the absence of wind and vice versa during head winds.Conversely,European Honey Buzzards migrating in flocks were not affected in their decision(crossing or stopping migration) by wind direction.Both species undertook the water crossing rather than stopping migration during mornings and vice versa during afternoons.Finally,in both species,adults and juveniles showed the same behavior in front of a water barrier.This result was expected in the case of the Western Marsh Harrier but not from the European Honey Buzzard since,in this species,the water-crossing tendency is age dependent with adults avoiding sea crossings.Our study confirms that flocking significantly affects the water-crossing behavior of European Honey Buzzards during migration.Moreover,in this species,inexperience of juveniles and presumably younger adults,about the high energetic costs of long powered flight and about the existence of shorter routes over water,might explain the strong water-crossing tendency shown by migrants independently from their age.展开更多
The reproduction rate of Equus przewalskii in this study increased from year to year showing that the wild horses have already felt comfortable in the new environment and became acclimatized successfully. Of the mares...The reproduction rate of Equus przewalskii in this study increased from year to year showing that the wild horses have already felt comfortable in the new environment and became acclimatized successfully. Of the mares which were born in Hustai National Park and successfully reached reproductive age, 24.7% first gave birth at age 3 and 55.6% of them first gave birth at age 4. The most effective age range within the breeding population was 5 to 15, 25%-89% of them giving birth and an average during 2002-2011 of 72.9%. Of the Przewalski＇s horses which died, 65% were foals, 9.4% subadult male, 7.7% subadult female, 7.2% adult male and 10.6% were adult females. Causes of mortality differed by age and sex although wolf attacks accounted for the predominant number of deaths among foals and subadults. Stallions usually died of bad condition and injuries but parturition problems were common causes of death among mares. The mortality rate of foals （40% in 1993-2011） is a matter of great concern since foals born in Hustai National Park are the only gain component now after the active reintroduction period came to an end. A total of 109 foals were killed by wolves in 1993-2011 but 52% of them were younger than one month.展开更多
文摘Background: EUS is an important modality for the diagnosis of pancreatic disea se. An understanding of normal pancreatic ductal and parenchymal variation in as ymptomatic individuals is essential to improve EUS accuracy. The primary aim of this study was to determine age-related pancreatic parenchymal and ductular cha nges identifiable on EUS in individuals with no history or symptoms of pancreati cobiliary disease. Secondary aims were to define demographic and clinical factor s associated with identifiable pancreatic parenchymal and ductular changes,and t o determine the main pancreatic-duct diameter and pancreatic-gland width accor ding to age. Methods: Patients referred for either upper endoscopy or EUS for an indication unrelated to pancreaticobiliary disease were prospectively enrolled. Patients were stratified by age (< 40, 40-60, >60 years). Each patient was ass essed for the presence of EUS findings for chronic pancreatitis. Logistic regres sion was used to identify factors associated with an abnormality. Results: A tot al of 120 patients(63 men, 57 women; median age, 52 years, interquartile range[I QR] 40-61 yea- rs) were prospectively evaluated. At least one parenchymal and/or ductular abn ormality was identified in 28%of the patients, with a trend of increasing abnor mality with age:< 40 years (23%), 40 to 60 years (25%), and >60 years (39%);p = 0.13. No patient had more than 3 abnormal EUS features.Hyperechoic stranding (n = 22) was the most common finding in all age groups. The odds for any abnorma lity in men (relative to women) was significantly higher (OR 2.9: 95%CI[1.2, 6. 8],p = 0.01), with 38%of men and 18%of women having an abnormality. Smoking, l ow alcohol intake, body mass index,and endoscopic finding were not significantly associated with an abnormal EUS. The overall median pancreatic-gland width and main pancreatic duct diameter were 15 mm (IQR 6-25 mm) and 1.7 mm(IQR 0.9-4.3 mm), respectively. Conclusions:The frequency of EUS abnormalities in patients w ithout clinical evidence of chronic pancreatitis increases with age, particularl y after 60 years of age. The threshold number of EUS criteria for the diagnosis of chronic pancreatitis is variable. However, the typically used standard of 3 o r more criteria appears appropriate.A higher number of threshold criteria may be needed in males and to a lesser extent in patients over 40 years of age,which s hould be related to clinical history and other structural or functional studies. Ductal or parenchymal calculi, ductal narrowing,ductal dilatation, or more than 3 abnormalities appear to be more specific features for the EUS diagnosis of ch ronic pancreatitis at any age.
文摘有关研究表明偏好于互联网社交(Preference for Online Social Interaction,简称POSI)是影响病理性互联网使用(Problematic Internet Use,简称PIU)的重要因素之一,同时与多子女家庭相比,独生子女能够在一定程度上免疫POSI对PIU的影响效果,并且随着年龄的增长,这种免疫效应会有一个弱化趋势。为了进一步研究子女状况(独生子女和多子女)对POSI和PIU关系的调节效应以及不同年龄群组(青少年和准成年人)对这种效应的二次调节关系,我们采集了12051名不同年龄阶段的中国学生的数据信息,通过标准差分析、层次回归分析和相关性分析等统计方法,测试并分析了他们的POSI和PIU值、家庭成员状况、年龄以及其他的人口统计数据,得出的结果表明:a.POSI对PIU数值有正向作用;b.独生子女的PIU值比多子女的PIU值明显偏低;c.子女状况对POSI和PIU之间的关联性具有调节效应以及不同年龄群组对其关联性具有二次调节效应;d.年龄可弱化POSI和PIU之间的关联性。
文摘We are currently faced with an aging population, which is rapidly growing worldwide. Two thirds of cancer occurs in the over 65-year age group. Societal conceptions from the past have created ageist stereotypes; old age is associated with frailty and the elderly are perceived to be destined for deterioration and loss of independence. Cancer within the elderly is also subject to these stereotypes, with elderly cancer patients considered by some not as likely to recover as younger patients with cancer. We summarise and review the current concerns regarding elderly management and treatments utilised for the management of oncological disease in the elderly, and discuss the impact of under-treatment within this population.
基金Supported by the National Key Technology Research and Development Program of China(No.2012BAD25B08)the China Three Gorges Corporation Project(No.CT-12-08-01)the State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology(No.2014FBZ04)
文摘Dam construction alters natural flow regimes which,in turn,cause significant changes in fish communities during and after impoundment. The construction of the Three Gorges Reservoir,from impoundment of the Changjiang(Yangtze) River,China,may have affected native fish species. Thus,the status of two lotic freshwater fish species,Coreius heterodon and C.guichenoti,were monitored in the Three Gorges Reservoir,including fish abundance,individual composition,growth,condition,and mortality. Data on both species were gathered from upstream,midstream and downstream areas of the reservoir and,where available,from studies published before and after dam construction. Lower abundance,slower growth,a less diversified age structure,poorer fish condition(indicated by hepatosomatic index) and higher mortalities were recorded in sites nearest the dam compared with upstream areas. Furthermore,after final impoundment,individual Coreius species inhabiting the area changed,with young individuals becoming more abundant,while upstream of the reservoir the two Coreius species became smaller at a given age. The results show that the status of the two Coreius species was subject to dramatic changes after impoundment.
文摘We investigated the water-crossing behavior of Western Marsh Harriers(Circus aeruginosus),mostly adults,and European Honey Buzzards(Pernis apivorus),mostly juveniles,in relation to wind conditions,time of the day,flocking and age classes,at a watchsite in central Italy during the autumn migration en route to Africa.Although European Honey Buzzards are less suited than Western Marsh Harriers to undertake long sea crossings,they were more inclined to leave the coast when migrating in flocks.Few birds of both species chose to fly along the coast.Western Marsh Harriers,such as European Honey Buzzards migrating alone,undertook the water crossing rather than stopping migration(birds roosting at the site or flying back inland) during the absence of wind and vice versa during head winds.Conversely,European Honey Buzzards migrating in flocks were not affected in their decision(crossing or stopping migration) by wind direction.Both species undertook the water crossing rather than stopping migration during mornings and vice versa during afternoons.Finally,in both species,adults and juveniles showed the same behavior in front of a water barrier.This result was expected in the case of the Western Marsh Harrier but not from the European Honey Buzzard since,in this species,the water-crossing tendency is age dependent with adults avoiding sea crossings.Our study confirms that flocking significantly affects the water-crossing behavior of European Honey Buzzards during migration.Moreover,in this species,inexperience of juveniles and presumably younger adults,about the high energetic costs of long powered flight and about the existence of shorter routes over water,might explain the strong water-crossing tendency shown by migrants independently from their age.
文摘The reproduction rate of Equus przewalskii in this study increased from year to year showing that the wild horses have already felt comfortable in the new environment and became acclimatized successfully. Of the mares which were born in Hustai National Park and successfully reached reproductive age, 24.7% first gave birth at age 3 and 55.6% of them first gave birth at age 4. The most effective age range within the breeding population was 5 to 15, 25%-89% of them giving birth and an average during 2002-2011 of 72.9%. Of the Przewalski＇s horses which died, 65% were foals, 9.4% subadult male, 7.7% subadult female, 7.2% adult male and 10.6% were adult females. Causes of mortality differed by age and sex although wolf attacks accounted for the predominant number of deaths among foals and subadults. Stallions usually died of bad condition and injuries but parturition problems were common causes of death among mares. The mortality rate of foals （40% in 1993-2011） is a matter of great concern since foals born in Hustai National Park are the only gain component now after the active reintroduction period came to an end. A total of 109 foals were killed by wolves in 1993-2011 but 52% of them were younger than one month.
