新疆罗布泊地区近3.2万年沉积物的气候环境记录

文章对新疆罗布泊地区罗北洼地CK-2钻孔自顶部到10.35m的岩芯,按5cm间隔取样,进行了磁化率、粒度、色度、碳酸盐、有机质含量和pH值的12项环境代用指标的测定,以及相关样品的质谱-铀系法定年,得出了近32000年以来在该地区经历的4个冷湿和暖干变化的气候-环境序列:阶段Ⅰ(31.98～19.26kaB.P.),处于晚韦克萨尔冰期的早期,经历了全球变化的未次盛冰期(23～19kaB.P.),12项环境指标的统计平均值为-0.8773,是本序列的最低值,对应为最强的冷湿期;阶段Ⅱ(19.26～13.53kaB.P.)为继后的间冰期,相应环境指标的统计平均值为+0.5233,环境转为暖干期;阶段Ⅲ(13.53～12.73kaB.P.)为晚韦克萨尔冰期的晚期和得里亚斯冰期,也是全球未次冰期的晚期,其环境指标统计平均值为-0.1075,环境转冷湿;阶段Ⅳ(12.73kaB.P.～近代)为全新世温暖期,其环境指标统计平均值为+1.275,是本序列的最高值,气候转为强暖干期。在阶段Ⅳ,12.08～11.80kaB.P.处出现了新仙女木(YD)的冷事件,10～9kaB.P.为全新世期内最早出现暖事件的时间。从冰期与间冰期的旋回分析,本区的气候-环境变化与全球同步,反映出受到全球变化的主旋律制约。从区域的特征分析,由于受到青藏高原的隆升、西风的加强,而西南和东亚季风的减弱,出现了冷/湿和暖/干的气候-环境变化的大格局,其不同于我国东部季风气候区的冷/干、暖/湿变化的大趋势。从环境代用指标的统计值(从-0.8773到+1.275)表明,本地区的干旱化进程是自然变率的必然结果,到全新世温暖期间更为突出。而近数千年或近数十年的人类活动营力只起到了叠加或促成的作用。

多元地球化学指标指示的32-9kaB．P.罗布泊地区环境及其对全球变化的响应

对位于新疆罗布泊地区罗北洼地的CK-2钻孔柱样,自距顶0.94m到10.35m部分,以5cm间距采样,6个样的质谱-铀系法年龄为32～9kaB.P.,用仪器-化学分析法得到了样品中Na、K、Ca、Mg、Fe、Cu、Hg、Zn、Mn、Sr、As、Pb、P、Cl和TOC共15种元素的含量。通过对元素含量变化和主成分序列分析,探讨了罗布泊地区在32～9kaB.P.期间,经历的从末次盛冰期(阶段Ⅰ)、暖干期(阶段Ⅱ)、末次冰期晚期(阶段Ⅲ),到全新世早期(阶段Ⅳ)的不同程度冷湿与暖干的变化阶段。与格陵兰冰芯(GISP2)和深海沉积物氧同位素序列对比结果表明,罗布泊地区经历了MIS3晚期、MIS2和早MIS1早期。在罗布泊环境演化序列中也出现了发生在北大西洋冰漂碎屑的Heinrich事件(H3、H2和H1)和新仙女木(YD)事件,以及快速回暖的D/O事件(IS4、IS3、IS2和IS1)。这表明高纬度的大气环流影响到中纬度西风带的强度、相位和位移,制约了我国西北干旱化地区气候环境变化的格局。为此,罗布泊地区的湖相沉积环境不仅记录了受到西风带、青藏高原隆升以及远离东亚和南亚季风影响所具有区域性的冷湿与暖干的水热配置特点,并且还具有全球变化的印迹。

水环境非线性时序预测的高精度RBF网络模型

为提高水环境非线性时序预测模型的精度,用自相关技术分析水环境时间序列的延迟特性,确定径向基函数(RBF)网络的输入、输出向量,建立了水环境时间序列预测的高精度RBF网络模型。用32年海洋水温时间序列实测资料来训练和检验网络并用于预测。用该模型对长江流域望江楼站8年总硬度、高锰酸盐指数、五日生化需氧量、氨氮、溶解氧、挥发酚、镉、氯化物、硫酸盐等9种水环境要素时间序列进行预测。实例分析表明,所建模型预测误差均较小,好于门限自回归模型,BP神经网络模型和ELMAN神经网络模型。所建模型不仅精度高,而且收敛速度快。

移民环境影响综合评价的灰色关联分析方法

通过预测分析，建立理想环境系统。以实际环境系统及其子系统与理想环境系统关系密切的程度作为指标，利用灰色关分析提出了移环境影响综合评价的灰色关联分析方法实际中运用。

随机转移矩阵与双无限环境中马氏链的构造及互通性

利用随机环境中的转移矩阵,解决了双无限环境中马氏链的构造问题,引入了互通和强互通概念,并在平稳环境的条件下,研究了互通和强互通的关系。

Functional Inferences of Environmental Coccolithovirus Biodiversity

The cosmopolitan calcifying alga Emiliania huxleyi is one of the most abundant bloom forming coccolithophore species in the oceans and plays an important role in global biogeochemical cycling. Coccolithoviruses are a major cause of coccolithophore bloom termination and have been studied in laboratory, mesocosm and open ocean studies. However, little is known about the dynamic interactions between the host and its viruses, and less is known about the natural diversity and role of functionally important genes within natural coccolithovirus communities. Here, we investigate the temporal and spatial distribution of coccolithoviruses by the use of molecular fingerprinting techniques PCR, DGGE and genomie sequencing. The natural biodiversity of the virus genes encoding the major capsid protein （MCP） and serine palmitoyltransferase （SPT） were analysed in samples obtained from the Atlantic Meridional Transect （AMT）, the North Sea and the L4 site in the Westem Channel Observatory. We discovered nine new coccolithovirus genotypes across the AMT and L4 site, with the majority of MCP sequences observed at the deep chlorophyll maximum layer of the sampled sites on the transect. We also found four new SPT gene variations in the North Sea and at L4. Their translated fragments and the full protein sequence of SPT from laboratory strains EhV-86 and EhV-99B 1 were modelled and revealed that the theoretical fold differs among strains. Variation identified in the structural distance between the two domains of the SPT protein may have an impact on the catalytic capabilities of its active site. In summary, the combined use of ＇standard＇ markers （i.e. MCP）, in combination with metabolically relevant markers （i.e. SPT） are useful in the study of the phylogeny and functional biodiversity of coccolithoviruses, and can provide an interesting intracellular insight into the evolution of these viruses and their ability to infect and replicate within their algal hosts.

Pretreatment of coking wastewater using anaerobic sequencing batch reactor (ASBR)

A laboratory-scale anaerobic sequencing batch reactor (ASBR) was used to pretreat coking wastewater. Inoculated anaerobic granular biomass was acclimated for 225 d to the coking wastewater, and then the biochemical methane potential (BMP)of the coking wastewater in the acclimated granular biomass was measured. At the same time, some fundamental technological factors, such as the filling time and the reacting time ratio (tf/tr), the mixing intensity and the intermittent mixing mode, that affect anaerobic pretreatment of coking wastewater with ASBR, were evaluated through orthogonal tests. The COD removal efficiency reached 38％～50％ in the stable operation period with the organic loading rate of 0.37～0.54 kg COD/(m3.d) at the optimum conditions of tf/tr, the mixing intensity and the intermittent mixing mode. In addition, the biodegradability of coking wastewater distinctly increased after the pretreatment using ASBR. At the end of the experiment, the microorganism forms on the granulated sludge in the ASBR were observed using SEM (scanning electron microscope) and fluoroscope. The results showed that the dominant microorganism on the granular sludge was Methanosaeta instead of Methanosarcina dominated on the inoculated sludge.

High-Sensitivity Acquisition of Ultrahigh Dynamic Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Signals in Space Communications

According to the requirements of the high-sensitivity acquisition of Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum(DSSS) signals under ultrahigh dynamic environments in space communications, a three-dimensional joint search of the phase of Pseudo-Noise-code(PN-code),Doppler frequency and its rate-of-change is presented to achieve high sensitivity in sensing high-frequency dynamics. By eliminating the correlation peak loss caused by ultrahigh Doppler frequency and its rate-of-change offset,the proposed method improves the acquisition sensitivity by increasing the non-coherent accumulation time. The validity of the algorithm is proved by theoretical analysis and simulation results. It is shown that signals with a carrier- to-noise ratio as low as 39 dBHz can be captured with high performance when the Doppler frequency is up to ±1 MHz and its rate-of-change is up to ±200 kHz/s.

Discovery, invention and serendipity

This paper attempts to relate serendipity, the natural ability to make interesting or valuable discoveries by accident （Longman Discovery of Contemporary English） with notable discoveries and inventions. It connotes the profound ability of finding out valuable things different from those who have been exploring by spending a lot of time or for years. The author will illustrate as many cases as possible within a given time constraint, so that surrounding environments and situations may be clarified, and such discoveries and inventions may be plausibly accomplished by accident or with rich reasons. These illustrations include historical as well as more recent cases. One of the cases is beyond the scope of our environment on the earth with preconceived notion, while other cases have given great impacts to our politics and also military intelligence. It should be noted that business and technological intelligence are deeply connected with discoveries, inventions and serendipity. In concluding remarks, the essence of serendipity will be summarized and how to side with the serendipity at the most important moment will be examined by viewing time series endeavors of the inventors and those who have devoted much time to discoveries.

Legionella from Environmental and Clinical Homes for the Mentally Disabled and Comparison of Their Sequence Types

In this study the authors compared the sequence types （STs） designed by sequence based typing （SBT） of 4 clinical and 12 environmental strains of Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 （LP1） which were isolated from hospital facilities for the mentally disabled. The strains were selected after a retrospective surveillance of 565 clinical records （2002-2009） and investigations of water circuit. It was possible to correlate two clinical strains with the corresponding environment, which were collected from showers that had exposed the patients （ST685, ST16） and two clinical strains present in the same structure （STI）. The other environmental strains were isolated from water in the department with confirmed or suspected clinical cases. All the strains （seven） from the first structure had ST188; two from the second structure had ST34; and the last from the third structure, gave an ST694. The results were compared with the European Working Group for Legionella Infections （EWGLI） database： the ST 1, 16, 34 and 188 were already known in literature, among clinical and nosocomial cases, especially for ST 1, the most distributed worldwide. Two STs were new to the database. ST685 was isolated both from a patient and from the water; ST694, which was found exclusively in the environmental compartment of a control structure （no cases of legionellosis and low number of nosocomial pneumonia）, was unknown in the literature and the authors could only speculate on its possible minor virulence and/or distribution. The implementation of SBT and international comparisons may be useful to gain genotypic knowledge of circulating environmental strains, also verifying their presence in the clinical setting.

一种满足差分隐私的图赌博机算法

图赌博机是一种重要的不确定性环境下的序列决策模型,在社交网络、电子商务和推荐系统等领域都得到了广泛的应用.目前,针对图赌博机的工作都只关注如何快速识别最优摇臂从而最小化累积遗憾,而忽略了在很多应用场景中存在的隐私保护问题.为了克服现有图赌博机算法的缺陷,提出了一种满足差分隐私的图赌博机算法GAP(图反馈下的差分隐私摇臂消除策略).一方面,GAP算法阶段性地根据摇臂的经验平均奖赏更新摇臂选取策略,并在计算摇臂的经验平均奖赏时引入拉普拉斯噪声,从而确保恶意攻击者难以根据算法输出推算摇臂奖赏数据,保护了隐私.另一方面,GAP算法在每个阶段根据精心构造的反馈图的独立集探索摇臂集合,有效地利用了图形式的反馈信息.证明了GAP算法满足差分隐私性质,具有与理论下界相匹配的遗憾界.在仿真数据集上的实验结果表明:GAP算法在有效保护隐私的同时取得了与现有无隐私保护的图赌博机算法相当的累积遗憾.

Analysis of Abnormal Characteristics of Regional Crustal Deformation before the Menyuan MS6.4 Earthquake by GPS Continuous Data

In order to study the characteristics of crustal deformation around the epicenter before the 2016 M_S6. 4 Menyuan earthquake,the GPS continuous stations of the period from 2010 to 2016 were selected according to the observation data of the tectonic environment monitoring network in Chinese Mainland. The deformation characteristics of the crust before the earthquake were discussed through inter-station baseline time series analysis and the strain time series analysis in the epicentral region. The results show that a trend turn of the baseline movement state around the epicenter region occurred after 2014,and the movement after 2014 reflects an obvious decreasing trend of compressional deformation.During this period,the stress field energy was in a certain accumulation state. Since the beginning of 2014,the EW-component linear strain and surface strain rate weakened gradually before the earthquake. It shows that there was an obvious deformation deficit at the epicentral area in the past two years,which indicates that the region accumulated a high degree of strain energy before the earthquake. Therefore,there was a significant background change in the area before the earthquake. The results of the study can provide basic research data for understanding the seismogenic process and mechanism of this earthquake.

A Review on Research of Foreshocks

This paper briefly introduces the current research progress in the field of foreshocks,both in China and abroad,and contrasts the common characteristics and the mechanisms of foreshocks of the sequence under the definition of different conditions of foreshocks. The main recognition methods of foreshocks are briefly reviewed,and their characteristics and existing problems are reviewed and discussed. Foreshocks are small earthquakes that occur before the mainshock and adjacent to the main source location. A foreshock sequence is constituted of a series of foreshock activities that occur before the mainshock. The proportion of earthquake cases includes direct foreshocks ranging from 10% - 40% at different defined conditions of foreshocks. Theoretically,cascade model or pre-slid model can explain foreshocks. Foreshocks are mainly concentrated in the range of 10km -75 km of the mainshock,but their time distribution form is very complicated,mostly prior to the mainshock from 1 or 2 days,the seismicity rate of part of foreshock sequences shows significant acceleration features,but many foreshock sequences often show the attenuation characteristics of mainshock-aftershock sequences. The most prominent feature of foreshocks is a focal consistent mechanism and low b-value of earthquakes of the earthquake sequence. Foreshocks seems to have a certain relationship with tectonic environment and the rupture form of the mainshock,in limited foreshocks earthquake cases,the dip-thrusting earthquakes seem to have relatively more foreshocks. The results of some of the earthquake cases show that the focal depth of foreshocks gradually moved downward with the mainshock approaching. So far,it is difficult to determine whether an earthquake or an earthquake sequence is a foreshock or foreshock sequence before the mainshock. The identification methods of foreshocks mainly include a statistical method of analogy,focal consistent mechanism and related derivative method,the fine detection of the earthquake nucleation process. From a few existing studies of earthquake cases,in spite of earthquake temporal clusters and focal consistent mechanism being the most significant features of foreshock sequence,there were not sufficient conditions for judging a foreshock sequence. Because the rupture rate of expansion and sliding displacement have a tendency to increase faster with time,the method of fine detection of the earthquake nucleation process is expected to play a more important role in the identification of foreshocks,but it needs more earthquake examples to be verified.

Fukushima accident study using MELCOR

The accidents at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power station stunned the world as the sequences played out over severals days and videos of hydrogen explosions were televised as they took place. The accidents all resulted in severe damage to the reactor cores and releases of radioactivity to the environment despite heroic measures had taken by the operating personnel. The following paper provides some background into the development of these accidents and their root causes,chief among them,the prolonged station blackout conditions that isolated the reactors from their ultimate heat sink - the ocean. The interpretations given in this paper are summarized from a recently completed report funded by the United States Department of Energy (USDOE).

Paleosols from North Part of Barlad City （Romania）

The loess deposits comprise several paleosol layers reflecting alternation of drier and wetter climate during Quaternary. Such a situation occurs in north of Barlad, on The Sohodau＇s Hill. Morphological study of the quarry paleosols from north of Barlad was accomplished based on field observations and macroscopic physic-chemical results. Three levels of paleosols with variable thickness were determined. These three fossils layers are interbedded by four loess deposits. The physical-chimical data provide important information for the paleosol genesis and depositional/climatic environments. The carbon content and C/N ratio indicate the strength of pedogenesis in the Pleistocene and trends of biomass accumulation.

Comparative Study of Changes in Stress-drop of the Jinggu MS6.6 and Ludian MS6.5 Earthquake Sequences

The earthquake stress-drop values of two sequences were accurately calculated after taking away the effects due to regional earthquake anelastic attenuation and station site response,using waveform data and seismic phase data of sequences of the Jinggu M_S6. 6,and Ludian M_S6. 5 earthquakes in Yunnan. These results show that the stress drop with magnitude increases within the scope of this study of magnitude. After eliminating the influence of the magnitude,the average value of stress-drop in the Jinggu sequence is higher than that of the Ludian sequence at the same magnitude range. This may be related to the stress state in different regions. In terms of the changes of time and space of stress-drop,before M_S5. 8 strong aftershock,the stress-drop is "slowing down-turning up-keeping a high value"after the mainshock,meanwhile,almost all of the abnormally high stress drop value is distributed around the M_S5. 8 strong aftershock, showing that the stress environment in the region was increasing after the mainshock. And after the M_S5. 9 strong aftershock,stress-drop rapidly declines to a relatively stable state,meanwhile,the high value of stress-drop is distributed around the strong aftershock,showing that the regional tectonic stress gets more fully release,its stress environment begins to rapidly decrease.For the Ludian sequence without a strong aftershock occurring,the average value of stress drop is lower than that of the Jinggu earthquake sequence at the same magnitude range,while at the same time,the stress-drop of the aftershock sequence almost hasn't changed much. In the time after the mainshock,combined with the release characteristics of the main energy,the stress in the region is excessively released,the subsequent stress in the region gradually returns to normal. This may be the reason why the activity of Ludianaftershocks significantly was weaker and subsequently there were no strong aftershocks occurred.

从互动交际视角看叹词“呦”的话语功能

本文基于自然口语对话语料,通过观察叹词“呦”所处的序列位置和关联的行为类型,结合“呦”的韵律特征表现,重点考察了话轮构建单位之首“呦”的话语功能,并指出它与自成话轮“呦”的功能存在差异。当回应疑问时,“呦”用于标示言者突然意识到某一方面的问题,或不具相关知识的错愕;当回应言者先前未知且与个人预期不同的信息时,“呦”用于表达言者惊讶或惊异;而在关涉评价行为的语境中,用于对讲述行为进行回应时,“呦”重在表达言者赞叹的情感。这些不同的功能,一方面通过“呦”所在话轮的后续话语予以明示,另一方面也通过韵律的设计和包装显现出来。本文的考察也说明,叹词研究不能仅仅基于单句的句子语法的分析,还应充分考虑其所处序列环境以及韵律特征的重要作用。

New eolian red clay sequence on the western Chinese Loess Plateau linked to onset of Asian desertification about 25 Ma ago

The expansion of inland Asia deserts has considerably influenced the environmental, social and economic activities in Asia. Aridification of inland Asia, especially timing of the initiation of Asian desertification, is a contentious topic in paleoclimatology. Late Cenozoic eolian loess-red clay sequences on the Chinese Loess Plateau, which possess abundant paleoclimatic and paleo-environmental information, can be regarded as an indicator of inland Asia desertification. Here we present a detailed magnetostratigraphic investigation of a new red clay sequence about 654 m in Zhuanglang located at the western Chinese Loess Plateau. Sedimentological, geochemical, mineralogical, and quartz morphological lines of evidence show that the red clay is of eolian origin. Magnetostratigraphic correlations indicate that this core sequence spans from 25.6 to 4.8 Ma, and typical eolian red clay appears as early as 25 Ma. This extends the lower limit of the red clay on the Chinese Loess Plateau from the previously thought early Miocene back into the late Oligocene. This new red clay record further implies that the inland Asia desertification was initiated at least by the late Oligocene. This sequence provides a unique high-resolution geological record for understanding the inland Asia desertification process since the late Oligocene.

Exopolysaccharide-Producing Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria Under Salinity Condition

Salt-tolerant plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria （PGPR） can play an important role in alleviating soil salinity stress during plant growth and bacterial exopolysaccharide （EPS） can also help to mitigate salinity stress by reducing the content of Na＋ available for plant uptake. In this study, native bacterial strains of wheat rhizosphere in soils of Varanasi, India, were screened to identify the EPS-producing salt-tolerant rhizobacteria with plant growth-promoting traits. The various rhizobacteria strains were isolated and identified using 16S rDNA sequencing. The plant growth-promoting effect of inoculation of seedlings with these bacterial strains was evaluated under soil salinity conditions in a pot experiment. Eleven bacterial strains which initially showed tolerance up to 80 g L-1 NaC1 also exhibited an EPS-producing potential. The results suggested that the isolated bacterial strains demonstrated some of the plant growth-promoting traits such as phosphate solubilizing ability and production of auxin, proline, reducing sugars, and total soluble sugars. Furthermore, the inoculated wheat plants had an increased biomass compared to the unoinoculated plants.

Contribution of epigenetics in diabetic retinopathy

Diabetes has become the epidemic of the 21 st century, and with over 90% patients with diabetes becoming at a risk of developing retinopathy, diabetic retinopathy has emerged as a major public health concern. In spite of cutting edge research in the field, how retina and its vasculature are damaged by the diabetic milieu remains ambiguous. The environmental factors, life style or disease process can also bring in modifications in the DNA, and these epigenetic modifications either silence or activate a gene without altering the DNA sequence. Diabetic environment up- or downregulates a number of genes in the retina, and emerging research has shown that it also facilitates epigenetic modifications. In the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy, the genes associated with important enzymes(e.g., mitochondrial superoxide dismutase, matrix metalloproteinase-9 and thioredoxin interacting protein) and transcriptional factors are epigenetically modified, the enzymes responsible for these epigenetic modifications are either activated or inhibited, and the levels of micro RNAs are altered. With epigenetic modifications taking an important place in diabetic retinopathy, it is now becoming critical to evaluate these modifications, and understand their impact on this slow progressing blinding disease.