J．M．Dancan反转应力法的探讨

作者从近年来实际应用有限元法模拟地下工程开挖过程时发现的问题入手，讨论了Ｊ．Ｍ．Ｄａｎ－ｃａｎ反转应力法存在的缺陷．并进一步从理论上分析了Ｊ．Ｍ．Ｄａｎｃａｎ法出现问题的特征和条件．最后给出了一种可替代Ｊ．Ｍ．Ｄａｎｃａｎ反转应力释放法的直接积分法．

复杂初始应力状态下松砂多向循环单剪特性

松砂极易液化,微小的应力状态变化也会影响其液化特性。基于多向循环单剪试验,采用松砂作为试验材料,开展不同静剪应力大小、方向和复杂剪切路径下的循环单剪试验,研究复杂初始应力状态下松砂循环单剪特性,得到以下主要结论:(1)随静剪应力比增大,试样剪应力峰值增大,第1个循环内孔隙水压力增量变大,试样更易液化;初始静剪应力大小对孔隙水压力的影响在剪切初期更显著。(2)随初始静剪应力和动剪应力主轴之间夹角增大,试样在X方向的剪应力峰值减小,试样孔隙水压力加速增长,在第1个循环以及最后1个循环内孔隙水压力增量变大,循环间差值增大,试样更易发生瞬时液化。(3)8字形剪切路径试样的应力-应变滞回圈面积最大,每个循环消耗能量最多,圆形剪切路径次之,直线剪切路径最小。复杂剪切路径会在剪切开始时诱发孔隙水压力的突然增加,加大各循环中孔隙水压力的增量,试样更易液化。(4)影响松砂液化因素的排序为:初始静剪应力与动剪应力夹角、剪切路径、初始静剪应力大小。

重复压裂前的地应力场分析

重复压裂是低渗透油藏增产稳产的重要措施之一,井眼周围和初次压裂裂缝附近的应力场分布对重复压裂裂缝的起裂和延伸有重要的影响。运用弹性力学和流固耦合理论,建立了原始地应力作用下的垂直井围岩应力、初次压裂裂缝诱导应力和孔隙压力诱导应力计算模型,实现了对重复压裂前井眼和裂缝附近地应力的定量研究;通过计算,得出了应力场和孔隙压力随空间和时间的变化特征。研究认为:孔隙压力变化和初次压裂裂缝在2个水平主应力方向产生的诱导应力,将改变初次压裂后井周的应力分布,并可能引起2个水平主应力的重定向;2个水平主应力的初始差值是决定应力是否发生重定向以及应力反转发生时间的关键因素。

关于利用金属磁记忆方法进行应力定量化评价问题的讨论

对利用金属磁记忆检测技术在应力评价方面的研究现状进行总结,分析磁记忆检测原理和磁机械效应理论之间、应力磁化反转现象和接近定律之间的关系,认为金属磁记忆效应,是稳恒弱磁场激励下的一种力磁效应,符合磁机械效应理论的相关描述和结论。指出弱磁激励情况下力磁关系的非线性、以及检测结果易受众多干扰因素影响的特点,给利用磁记忆检测技术进行应力定量化评价带来实质性困难。磁记忆检测技术的优势,应在研究铁磁材料塑性阶段濒临损伤前的微观缺陷和信号异变的复杂关系以及应力集中和损伤综合作用下异变磁信号的快速和有效识别等方面。

深冷处理消除铝合金残余应力的研究

本文介绍了铝合金消除残余应力的深冷处理技术,分析了深冷处理过程的应力状态,给出了残余应力消除的机理是应力反转、晶粒细化和原子间的动能转移。

地应力类型影响定向井井壁稳定的规律

定向井井周应力状态和井壁稳定性规律与直井有着明显的差别,开展地应力类型对定向井井壁稳定性的影响规律研究,对定向井井眼轨迹设计具有一定的指导作用。为此,根据正常、走滑和反转三种地应力类型,深入分析了定向井井斜角和井眼方位对井壁坍塌破坏的影响规律。结果表明:①随着井斜角的增加,正常和反转地应力类型的井壁稳定性逐渐变差,即直井比定向井或水平井井壁稳定性更好;②随着井斜角的增加,走滑地应力类型的井壁稳定性逐渐增强,即水平井井壁稳定性最好;③定向井钻井或完井过程中,井壁稳定的最优钻井方位与最大水平地应力方向的夹角按正常地应力、走滑地应力和反转地应力类型依次为90°、45°和0°。

陡倾片麻岩滑坡演化过程研究——以兰陵溪滑坡为例

弯曲-倾倒破坏是陡倾顺层岩质斜坡的一种变形模式,当其折断面贯通形成滑移面时,斜坡演化为滑坡。以三峡库区兰陵溪滑坡为例,引入反转应力法、梁板强度理论对滑坡变形模式与演化过程进行了研究。结果表明:①该岩质斜坡具有典型的陡倾顺层、岩体结构软硬相间的特点,为其发生弯曲-倾倒破坏提供了先天性条件。②差异性风化是兰陵溪滑坡发生弯曲-倾倒变形的主要原因,片状片麻岩抗弯强度变弱,促使片麻岩逐渐发生弯曲,最后产生弯曲折断-倾倒变形破坏。③兰陵溪滑坡演化过程历经差异性风化、岩层弯曲变形、岩层倾倒破坏、折断面贯通等4个阶段,所有折断面贯通形成潜在滑移面时,斜坡演化为滑坡。研究成果可为该滑坡工程治理提供理论依据,也可为同类型岩质斜坡治理提供思路。

40Cr钢应力磁化过程中的磁化反转特征

金属磁记忆检测技术是一种可早期检测铁磁构件应力集中程度的新方法,但进一步定量评价和广泛应用的瓶颈问题是复杂的应力磁化反转特征。对40Cr钢圆棒试件在不同最大拉力下进行反复加载-卸载拉伸试验,测定试件表面某确定点处漏磁场与拉应力的关系。试验结果表明,当试件处于弹性变形阶段时,漏磁场强度与拉应力的变化规律为线性关系;当试件受力超过屈服强度时,漏磁场强度与拉应力的变化规律变为折线,表现为先减小后增大再减小的应力磁化反转现象。随着最大拉力的增大,应力磁化反转极值点位置向较高拉应力方向移动,漏磁场强度最大变化量ΔBmax也逐渐增大。

盾构近接施工对既有隧道影响参数分析及近接度分区研究

隧道下穿既有隧道近接施工将会使土体原有应力释放,引起既有隧道附加应力,分析不同影响因素对既有隧道结构的影响至关重要。本文通过FLAC3D反转应力释放法模拟盾构施工对地层的扰动,建立盾构下穿既有隧道三维模型,对盾构施工参数进行精细模拟,分析各主要因素对既有隧道应力增量与变形产生的影响。随着中间地层弹性模量的增大与土舱压力比的增加,既有隧道横向应力增量和拱底水平位移增大。研究隧道近接施工对既有隧道的影响程度,建立近接度分区公式,基于既有结构应力增量准则,进行关于隧道间距比和埋深比的近接度划分。近接影响分区结果表明,埋深比越大,隧道间距比越小,影响度则越大。根据近接度分区结果,提出一套相应的盾构下穿施工安全控制对策。

弱磁激励下Q235钢的磁记忆检测

在不同弱磁场环境下对Q235钢平板试件进行静拉伸试验,利用TSC-1M-4磁检测仪原位测量试件表面的法向磁场,并分析磁场在拉伸过程中的变化规律。结果表明:强化弱磁激励可以减小干扰噪声的不利影响,改善检测效果。弱磁激励下,试件在弹性阶段出现应力磁化反转现象;塑性阶段保持磁化反转,磁场越过零点后沿反方向增大。并且,探讨了试件在弱磁激励下磁场梯度K与应力之间的相关性,为磁检测技术在铁磁材料损伤评估中的应用奠定了基础。

乍得BS区块油气富集规律研究

通过地震、钻井、岩心、测试等资料,对乍得BS区块的油藏特征进行了分析,研究结果表明,BS区块为扇三角洲沉积体系,油气来自于Mimosa凹陷P组烃源岩,油气富集受沉积演化和构造活动双重因素影响,在裂陷期沉积演化形成最优的生储盖成藏组合,后期区域应力反转对成藏破坏影响小,并促进了油气的运移。

Mechanism of Reverse Snapback on I-V Characteristics of Power SITHs with Buried Gate Structure

The reverse snapback phenomena （RSP） on I-V characteristics of static induction thyristors （SITH） are physically researched. The I-V curves of the power SITH exhibit reverse snapback phenomena, and even turn to the conducting-state,when the anode voltage in the forward blocking-state is increased to a critical value. The RSP I-V characteristics of the power SITH are analyzed in terms of operating mechanism, double carrier injection effect, space charge effect, electron-hole plasma in the channel, and the variation in carrier lifetime. The reverse snapback mechanism is theoretically pro- posed and the mathematical expressions to calculate the voltage and current values at the snapback point are presented. The computing results are compared with the experiment values.

黄河上游某水电站坝址区顺层岩质斜坡变形破坏模式及成因机制分析

通过对黄河上游某水电站坝址区顺层岩质斜坡的野外调查,分析研究区表部及深部的变形破坏特征,初步探究其力学机理,结果表明,研究区顺层岩质斜坡的变形破坏模式为弯曲—倾倒,中部冲沟处表现得更为明显。弯曲—倾倒演化过程为:在河流下切初期,反转应力导致坡体卸荷,后缘产生拉裂缝,表现为悬臂梁式横向弯曲变形。随着河谷下切加深,坡体进一步卸荷,在反转应力、上覆岩土体荷载及自重作用下,较弱的板岩逐渐被剪断,砂岩出露。静水压力加剧倾倒变形,裂隙向下部和深部不断发展贯通,上部破碎岩体拉裂并沿坡面滑动,下部岩层反转,总体上岩层倾角从坡底到坡顶增大,倾向相反,最终表现为岩层倾倒变形。

Kinetic Model and Simulation Analysis for Toluene Disproportionation and C9-Aromatics Transalkylation

A new kinetic model for commercial unit of toluene disproportionation and C9-armatiocs transalkylation is developed based on the reported reaction scheme.A time based catalyst deactivation function taking weight hourly space velocity(WHSV)into account is incorporated into the model,which reasonably accounts for the loss in activity because of coke deposition on the surface of catalyst during long-term operation.The kinetic parameters are benchmarked with several sets of balanced plant data and estimated by the differential variable metric optimiza- tion method.Sets of plant data at different operating conditions are applied to make sure validation of the model and the results show a good agreement between the model predictions and plant observations.The simulation analysis of key variables such as temperature and WHSV affecting process performance is discussed in detail,giv- ing the guidance to select suitable operating conditions.

Siderite pyrolysis in suspension roasting:An in-situ study on kinetics,phase transformation,and product properties

Siderite,as an abundant iron ore,has not been effectively utilized,with a low utilization rate.In this study,the in-situ kinetics and mechanism of siderite during suspension magnetization roasting(SMR)were investigated to improve the selective conversion of siderite to magnetite and CO,enriching the theoretical system of green SMR using siderite as a reductant.According to the gas products analyses,the peak value of the reaction rate increased with increasing temperature,and its curves presented the feature of an early peak and long tail.The mechanism function of the siderite pyrolysis was the contraction sphere model(R_(3)):f(α)=3(1−α)2/3;E_(α)was 46.4653 kJ/mol;A was 0.5938 s^(−1);the kinetics equation was k=0.5938exp[−46.4653/(RT)].The in-situ HT-XRD results indicated that siderite was converted into magnetite and wüstite that exhibited a good crystallinity in SMR under a N_(2) atmosphere.At 620℃,the saturation magnetization(M_(s)),remanence magnetization(Mr),and coercivity(Hc)of the product peaked at 53.63×10^(-3)A·m^(2)/g,10.23×10^(-3)A·m^(2)/g,and 12.40×10^(3)A/m,respectively.Meanwhile,the initial particles with a smooth surface were transformed into particles with a porous and loose structure in the roasting process,which would contribute to reducing the grinding cost.

Reaction mechanism of roasting Zn_2SiO_4 using NaOH

The reaction kinetics of roasting zinc silicate using NaOH was investigated.The orthogonal test was employed to optimize the reaction conditions and the optimized reaction conditions were as follows:molar ratio of NaOH to Zn2SiO4 of 16:1,reaction temperature of 550°C,and reaction time of 2.5 h.In order to ascertain the phases transformation and reaction processes of zinc oxide and silica,the XRD phase analysis was used to analyze the phases of these specimens roasted at different temperatures.The final phases of the specimen roasted at 600°C were Na2ZnO2,Na4SiO4,Na2ZnSiO4 and NaOH.The reaction kinetic equation of roasting was determined by the shrinking unreacted core model.Aiming to investigate the reaction mechanism,two control models of reaction rate were applied:chemical reaction at the particle surface and diffusion through the product layer.The results indicated that the diffusion through the product layer model described the reaction process well.The apparent activation energy of the roasting was 19.77 kJ/mol.

Investigation of Propene Oligomerization Catalyzed by Phosphotungstic Acid Catalysts

In this paper, the propene oligomerization reaction catalyzed by phosphotungstic acid supported on two kinds of silica gel was studied, it had been found out that the conversion of propene catalyzed by the type A silica gel-phosphotung- stic acid catalyst was 3.38 m%, while the conversion of propene catalyzed by the type B silica gel-phosphotungstic acid catalyst was 90.1 m% with a nonene selectivity of 42.33 m%, and a dodecene selectivity of 31.79 m%. The influence of reaction temperature, pressure and liquid hourly space velocity （LHSV） on the reaction catalyzed by the type B silica gel- phosphotungstic acid catalyst was investigated. It had been verified that when the reaction temperature increased from 170 ~C to 190 ~C, the conversion of propene increased while the selectivity of nonene and dodecene decreased; when the re- action pressure increased from 3.5 MPa to 4.5 MPa, the conversion of propene increased also, and the selectivity of nonene and dodecene changed very little. The conversion of propene at a space velocity of between 0.5 h-1 and 1.0 h-~ was higher than that achieved at 2.0 h-~, but the selectivity of nonene and dodecene did not show regular fluctuations. An optimum conversion of propene （91.05 m%） and an optimum selectivity of nonene and dodecene （89.51 m%） could be achieved at a reaction temperature of 170 ~C, a reaction pressure of 4.5MPa, and a LHSV of 1.0 fit. The experiments on catalyst life showed that the activity of the type B silica gel-phosphotungstic acid catalyst could be only maintained in 25 hours, and the reason was explained also.

Kinetics of celestite conversion to acidic strontium oxalate hydrate in aqueous solution of oxalic acid

Conversion of SrSO4 to acidic strontium oxalate hydrate(H[Sr(C2O4)1.5(H2O)]) in aqueous H2C2O4 solutions proceeds as a consecutive reaction. In the first step of the consecutive reaction, SrSO4 reacts with H2C2O4 and pseudomorphic conversion to SrC2 O4·H2O occurs. In the second step, SrC2 O4·H2O reacts with H2C2O4 to form H[Sr(C2 O4)1.5(H2O)]. Sr(HC2 O4)(C2 O4)0.5·H2 O crystallizes during cooling of the reaction mixture to room temperature if the solution reaches the saturation concentration of (H[Sr(C2O4)1.5(H2O)]. The aims of this study are the derivation of reaction rate equations and the determination of the kinetic parameters such as pre-exponential factor, apparent activation energy and order of H2C2O4 concentration for each reaction step.Fractional conversions of SrSO4 were calculated using the quantitative amounts of dissolved S and Sr. It was determined that the reaction rate increased at the initial time of reaction by increasing the temperature using solutions with approximately same H2C2O4 concentrations. The reaction extends very slowly after a certain time in solutions with low H2C2O4 concentration and ends by the formation of a protective layer of SrC2O4-H2O around the surfaces of solid particles. Fractional conversion of SrSO4 is increased by increasing concentration of H2C2O4 at constant temperature. Kinetic model equations were derived using shrinking core model for each step.

Focal Mechanism Solutions and Stress Field Inversion of Moderately Strong Earthquakes in the Northern Tianshan Area

Using the focal mechanism solutions of 24 moderately strong earthquakes in the northern Tianshan area,we carried out system cluster and stress field inversion analysis.The result indicates that,the focal mechanism solutions of moderately strong earthquakes are mainly dip-slip reverse faulting in the northern Tianshan area.The principal rupture planes of earthquakes are NW-oriented.It is basically consistent with the strike of earthquake structure in its adjacent area.The direction of the principal compression stress P axis is nearly NS,and its inclination angle is small;while the inclination angle of the principal extensional stress T axis is large.It shows that the regional stress field is mainly controlled by the near-NS horizontal compressive stress.The direction of the maximum principal stress shows a gradation process of NNE-NS-NW from east to west.

Proton-gradient-transfer acid complexes and their catalytic performance for the synthesis of geranyl acetate

Special proton-gradient-transfer acid complexes （PGTACs） in which the bonded protons are not equivalent and have gradients in transfer ability, acidity, and reactivity were reported. The acidity gradient of the protons gave the PGTACs excellent catalytic activity and selectivity in the esterifica- tion of terpenols. These PGTACs are ＂reaction-induced self-separation catalysts＂ and can be easily reused. The kinetics with PGTACs as catalyst in the esterification of geraniol were also studied for use in engineering design.