莺歌海盆地DF13区储层应力敏特征及主控因素

为了准确地评价莺歌海盆地DF13区黄流组气田群的应力敏特征,设计了模拟气藏开发过程的定围压变内压的应力敏评价实验。结果表明：样品的渗透率随承受净应力的增加而减小,二者呈指数规律变化,应力敏对储层渗透率的伤害率为7.58%~46.1%,伤害程度弱~中等偏弱;且不同样品之间应力敏伤害程度存在一定的差异。通过对储层的岩石矿物组成及溶蚀与胶结作用的分析发现：1储层应力敏对渗透率的伤害率与碎屑砂岩中的刚性矿物石英的含量呈负相关关系;石英含量越高,占总碎屑量的比重越大,应力敏伤害程度越弱;2粒内溶孔发育的骨架颗粒更易发生结构坍塌或形变,损害储层的渗透率;胶结作用强的储层,骨架颗粒发生位移或变形的可能性较小,储层的应力敏伤害程度较弱。

光纤布喇格光栅应力增敏理论研究

提出了一种光纤布喇格光栅应力增敏的模型,推导了该模型的应力与光纤布喇格光栅中心波长相对偏移量之间的关系,以及增敏后的光纤布喇格光栅应力响应灵敏度系数的表达式,给出了该增敏模型的弹性模量计算公式,指出通过适当选择弹性体的弹性模量和尺寸,可以提高光纤布喇格光栅应力响应灵敏度。

智能应力或结构损伤自敏涂层研究现状及展望

详细介绍了机械零部件表面应力和结构损伤检测的研究现状,重点介绍了荧光涂层应力检测的原理、优势以及发展现状。分析了基于稀土荧光离子的应力检测涂层的需求,并就其应用原理和发展现状进行了表述。介绍了不同材料体系下应力及结构损伤检测范围,以及应力自敏涂层目前的应用现状和未来发展趋势。

关于储集层敏感性评价的若干问题

储集层物性随条件变化,有关参数也发生变化,即出现所谓的敏感现象,并影响油气生产,需要认真评价。现有的评价方法和评价标准都存在一些问题,客观性不足。根据研究,储集层敏感程度可以用渗透率损失率来表示,评价标准可以由0.3和0.7改为0.1和0.3.水敏属于盐敏的极端情况,盐敏评价包括了水敏评价;致密储集层的应力敏感性极弱,对生产影响极小;疏松储集层的应力敏感有利于驱油,实验室很难评价;速敏是一个伪概念,属于实验假象,不仅不能反映储集层敏感的本质,还可能误导生产实践;储集层渗透率对注入水中的固相颗粒大小非常敏感,需要认真评价。因此,储集层的常规五敏评价可以改为四敏评价,即盐敏、酸敏、碱敏和粒度敏评价。

新疆准噶尔中部Ⅰ区块储层敏感性评价

综合利用储层岩石分析、岩矿分析、岩石物性测定等多项成熟技术研究了新疆准噶尔中部Ⅰ区块储层的潜在损害因素和损害机理，研究认为该储层的主要损害因素是水敏和酸敏，其中酸敏损害是由于其损害机理的复杂性，预防其损害将是储层酸化改造中的重点和难点。

中—低成熟度页岩油原位转化对储集层的改造能力

中国中—低成熟度页岩油资源丰富,原位转化潜力巨大。为评价中—低成熟度页岩油原位转化对储集层的改造能力,对鄂尔多斯盆地延长组长7段和准噶尔盆地吉木萨尔凹陷芦草沟组2种典型中—低成熟度页岩开展了原位加热实验。利用核磁共振测试、立式光学显微镜观测、计算机断层扫描和脉冲衰减气体渗透率测量等,实时监测了原位转化中纳米孔隙、热解裂缝以及孔隙度和渗透率在高温高压下的动态变化。干酪根热解引起的热解裂缝与生烃增压效应,是微观结构和储集层物性显著改善的关键。当温度超过400℃的阈值后,随着干酪根热解和烃类热膨胀,页岩内部裂缝网络的延伸度、密度、复杂性和连通性均显著提高,大量直径在2~50nm的次生孔隙占据孔隙结构的主导地位。原位应力下,2种页岩孔隙度可分别增加至3.65倍和2.73倍,渗透率可分别增加至624.09倍和418.37倍。渗透率在高温阶段比低温阶段表现出更强的应力敏感性。原位应力越低,干酪根含量越高的页岩储集层,原位转化的改造能力越高,储集层热破裂和热增渗能力也越高。

应力增敏的光纤布拉格光栅压强传感器

提高光纤布拉格 (Bragg)光栅传感器响应灵敏度是提高光纤布拉格光栅传感系统检测精度的有效途径之一。基于弹性聚合物材料封装和金属波纹管封装对光纤布拉格光栅应力响应的增敏作用 ,提出了一种新颖的应力响应增敏的高灵敏度光纤布拉格光栅压强传感器模型。推导了该传感器的压强与布拉格波长相对偏移量之间的关系 ,给出了该传感器压强响应灵敏度系数的解析表达式。表明该传感器布拉格波长相对偏移量和压强之间具有良好的线性关系 ,同时也指出通过适当选择弹性体的弹性模量、波纹管弹性系数等特性参数 ,以及它们的尺寸 ,就可以方便地调整该传感器的压强响应灵敏度系数。该传感器压强响应灵敏度系数实验值高达 - 4 35× 10 -9Pa-1( -6 74nm/MPa) ,是裸光纤光栅压强响应灵敏度系数的 2 197倍 ,理论值为 - 4 6× 10 -9Pa-1。

Effects of Y on hot tearing susceptibility of Mg-Zn-Y-Zr alloys

The hot tearing susceptibility of MgZn2.5YxZr0.5 （x=0.5, 1, 2, 4, 6） alloys was evaluated by thermodynamic calculations based on Clyne-Davies model. The microstructure and morphology of hot tearing regions of the alloys were observed by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The solidification temperature and shrinkage stress during the solidification of MgZn2.5YxZr0.5 alloys in the“T”type hot tearing permanent-mold were acquired with the attached computer. The effect factors of hot tearing susceptibility of MgZn2.5YxZr0.5 alloys, such as the solidification temperature interval, the variation of solid fraction in vulnerable region, the residual liquid fraction in the final stage, the type of the second phase of the alloys were discussed based on the above calculation and observation. The results demonstrated that the hot tearing susceptibility in the investigated alloys was found as follows：MgZn2.5Y2Zr0.5＆gt;MgZn2.5Y0.5Zr0.5＆gt;MgZn2.5Y4Zr0.5＆gt;MgZn2.5Y6Zr0.5＆gt;MgZn2.5Y1Zr0.5. The highest hot tearing susceptibility of MgZn2.5Y2Zr0.5 alloy related to the following reasons： the largest freezing range, the biggest changing of the variation of solid fraction in vulnerable region, the least liquid film in the final stage of solidification, the formation of the second phase which worsens the liquid flow and interdendritic feeding after dendrite coherency.

Value co-creation model based on IS application capabilities

To illustrate how firms and customers co-create value in business to business （B2B） e-commerce, an integrated value co-creation model is proposed based on information systems （IS） application capabilities from the relational view. IS application capabilities, relational assets, customer agility and relational value are constructed and tested by empirical analysis. The empirical research tests and verifies the mediating effect of customer agility, and the interactions of IS application capabilities and relational assets, as well as their effect on relational value. This model expands the research framework of value co-creation in service dominant logic, and reveals the mechanism of how f＇n＇ms and customers co-create value in B2B e-commerce based on IS application capabilities, which provides the basis for further theory development and a practice guide.

Uniaxial compressive behavior of equal channel angular pressing Al at wide temperature and strain rate range

Uniaxial compressive experiments of ultrafine-grained Al fabricated by equal channel angular pressing(ECAP) method were performed at wide temperature and strain rate range. The influence of temperature on flow stress, strain hardening rate and strain rate sensitivity was investigated experimentally. The results show that both the effect of temperature on flow stress and its strain rate sensitivity of ECAPed Al is much larger than those of the coarse-grained Al. The temperature sensitivity of ultrafine-grained Al is comparatively weaker than that of the coarse-grained Al. Based on the experimental results, the apparent activation volume was estimated at different temperatures and strain rates. The forest dislocation interactions is the dominant thermally activated mechanism for ECAPed Al compressed at quasi-static strain rates, while the viscous drag plays an important role at high strain rates.

A Study of Power Sources Optimization in Guangdong

The main problem existing in Guangdong electric power sources is analyzed in this paper. Based on theanalysis on energy-supply features, power demand and the technical and economic performances of various powersources in Guangdong, the power sources construction scale and its structure are studied and analyzed in detail byusing Generation Expansion Software Package (GESP). The future development of Guangdong electric power sourcesunder the new situation of "Power from West to East" is studied as well.[

Plastic flow behavior of superalloy GH696 during hot deformation

In order to investigate the hot deformation behavior of superalloy GH696, isothermal compression experiments were carried out at deformation temperatures of 880?1120 °C and strain rates of 0.01?10 s?1. And the deformation amount of all the samples was 50%. The strain rate sensitivity exponent (m) and strain hardening exponent (n) under different deformation conditions were calculated, meanwhile the effects of the processing parameters on the values ofm andn were analyzed. The results show that the flow stress increases with the increase of strain rate and the decrease of deformation temperature. The value ofm increases with the increase of deformation temperature and decreases with the increase of strain rate, while the value ofn decreases with the increase of deformation temperature. A novel flow stress model during hot deformation of superalloy GH696 was also established. And the calculated flow stress of the alloy is in good agreement with the experimental one.

Analysis of DNA Methylation of Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis Under Temperature Stress Using the Methylation Sensitive Amplification Polymorphism(MSAP) Technique

Gracilariopsis lemaneiformis is an economically important agarophyte, which contains high quality gel and shows a high growth rate. Wild population of G. lemaneiformis displayed resident divergence, though with a low genetic diversity as was revealed by amplified fragment length polymorphism(AFLP) and simple sequence repeat(SSR) analyses. In addition, different strains of G. lemaneiformis are diverse in morphology. The highly inconsistence between genetic background and physiological characteristics recommends strongly to the regulation at epigenetic level. In this study, the DNA methylation change in G. lemaneiformis among different generation branches and under different temperature stresses was assessed using methylation sensitive amplified polymorphism(MSAP) technique. It was shown that DNA methylation level among different generation branches was diverse. The full and total methylated DNA level was the lowest in the second generation branch and the highest in the third generation. The total methylation level was 61.11%, 60.88% and 64.12% at 15℃, 22℃ and 26℃, respectively. Compared with the control group(22℃), the fully methylated and totally methylated ratios were increased in both experiment groups(15℃ and 26℃). All of the cytosine methylation/demethylation transform(CMDT) was further analyzed. High temperature treatment could induce more CMDT than low temperature treatment did.

The acute effects of vibration stimulus following FIFA 11+ on agility and reactive strength in collegiate soccer players

Purpose： The aim of this study was to assess the effects of combining the FIFA 11＋ and acute vibration training on reactive strength index （RSI） and 505 agility. Methods： Seventy-four male collegiate soccer players took part in the study and were randomly assigned to FIFA 11＋ with acute vibration group （FIFA ＋ WBV）, FIFA 11＋ with isometric squat group （FIFA ＋ IS） or a control group consisting of the F1FA 11＋ alone （Con）. The warm-up consisted of the FIFA 11＋ and was administered to all participants. The participants in the acute vibration group were exposed to 30 s whole body vibration in squat position immediately post warm-up. The isometric group completed an isometric squat for 30 s immediately post warm-up. Results： RSI significantly improved pre- to post-intervention amongst FIFA ＋ WBV （p 〈 0.001） due to a decrease in contact time （p 〈 0.001） in comparison to FIFA ＋ IS and Con, but 505 agility was not affected. Conclusion： The results of this study suggest the inclusion of an acute bout of WBV post FIFA 11＋ warm-up produces a neuromuscular response leading to an improvement in RSI. Future research is required to examine the exact mechanisms behind these improvements amongst other populations and over time course of the performance.

Hydrogen sulfide attenuates gastric mucosal injury induced by restraint water-immersion stress via activation of KATPchannel and NF-κB dependent pathway

AIMTo explore the effect of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) on restraint water-immersion stress (RWIS)-induced gastric lesions in rats and the influence of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) pathway on such an effect.METHODSMale Wistar rats were randomly divided into a control group, a physiological saline (PS) group, a sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS) group, a glibenclamide (Gl) group, Gl plus NaHS group, a pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) group, and a PDTC plus NaHS group. Gastric mucosal injury was induced by RWIS for 3 h in rats, and gastric mucosal damage was analyzed after that. The PS, NaHS (100 μmol/kg body weight), Gl (100 μmol/kg body weight), Gl (100 μmol/kg or 150 μmol/kg body weight) plus NaHS (100 μmol/kg body weight), PDTC (100 μmol/kg body weight), and PDTC (100 μmol/kg body weight) plus NaHS (100 μmol/kg body weight) were respectively injected intravenously before RWIS.RESULTSRWIS induced serious gastric lesions in the rats in the PS pretreatment group. The pretreatment of NaHS (a H2S donor) significantly reduced the damage induced by RWIS. The gastric protective effect of the NaHS during RWIS was attenuated by PDTC, an NF-κB inhibitor, and also by glibenclamide, an ATP-sensitive potassium channel blocker, in a dose-dependent manner.CONCLUSIONThese results suggest that exogenous H2S plays a protective role against RWIS injury in rats, possibly through modulation of KATP channel opening and the NF-κB dependent pathway.

Mechanical response of bridge piles in high-steep slopes and sensitivity study

The bridge piles located in high-steep slopes not only endure the loads from superstructure, but also the residual sliding force as well as the resistance from the slope. By introducing the Winkler foundation theory, the mechanical model of piles-soils-slopes system was established, and the equilibrium differential equations of pile were derived. Moreover, an analytic solution for identifying the model parameters was provided by means of power series method. A project with field measurement was compared with the proposed method. It is indicated that the lateral loads have great influences on the pile, the steep slope effect is indispensable, and reasonable diameter of the pile could enhance the bending ability. The internal force and displacements of pile are largely based upon the horizontal loads applied on pile, especially in upper part.

Stress sensitivity of coal samples in terms of anisotropy

The permeability and porosity of coal seams are anisotropic, and the variation of confining stress may induce deformation in coal samples. In order to study these characteristics, experiments and model analyses were conducted to understand the behaviors of anisotropic stress sensitivity of lean coal samples. The results showed as the closure of cleats and the generation of micro-cracks, the strong stress sensitivity of coal samples and the discrete changes in porosity were caused by confining pressure changes. In the compression period, the anisotropy trend first increased, and then decreased. In the direction perpendicular to the bedding plane, the permeability decrease rate and the irreversible damage rate were the highest. In the direction parallel to the cleats, permeability recovery rate was higher and the irreversible damage rate was lower along butt cleats. Compared to the cube root of permeability to porosity, a 1/6 power relationship was proved to be closer to the experiment results, the new relationship had the highest fit level in the face cleat direction, and the lowest fit level in the vertical direction

Effect of strain rate and water-to-cement ratio on compressive mechanical behavior of cement mortar

Effects of strain rate and water-to-cement ratio on the dynamic compressive mechanical behavior of cement mortar are investigated by split Hopkinson pressure bar(SHPB) tests. 124 specimens are subjected to dynamic uniaxial compressive loadings.Strain rate sensitivity of the materials is measured in terms of failure modes, stress-strain curves, compressive strength, dynamic increase factor(DIF) and critical strain at peak stress. A significant change in the stress-strain response of the materials with each order of magnitude increase in strain rate is clearly seen from test results. The slope of the stress-strain curve after peak value for low water-to-cement ratio is steeper than that of high water-to-cement ratio mortar. The compressive strength increases with increasing strain rate. With increase in strain rate, the dynamic increase factor(DIF) increases. However, this increase in DIF with increase in strain rate does not appear to be a function of the water-to-cement ratio. The critical compressive strain increases with the strain rate.

A new method to calculate the productivity index for vertical fractured well of tight gas reservoir

Generally the irreducible water saturation of low permeability gas reservoir is quite high which leads to the permeability stress sensibility and threshold pressure gradient. Under the assumption that permeability varies with experimental law of the pseudo pressure drop, according to concepts of perturbable ellipses and equivalent developing regulations, the calculation method of stable production of hydraulically fractured gas well in low permeability reservoirs is investigated with threshold pressure. And productivity curve is drawn and analyzed. The result shows that, permeability modulus and threshold pressure have effect on production of fractured gas well. The higher the permeability modulus and the threshold pressure, the lower the production is. Therefore, the impact of stress sensitive and threshold pressure must he considered when analyzing the productivity of vertical fracture well in low permeability gas reservoir.

Residual stress distribution in different depths of TiNi/Ti_2Ni-based laser clad coating prepared at different environmental temperatures

This study aimed to effectively reduce the cracking susceptibility of the laser clad coating by enhancing the environmental temperature during laser cladding,and reveal the residual stress distribution in different depths of the coating.The TiNi/Ti2Ni-based coatings were prepared on Ti6Al4V by laser cladding at different environmental temperatures of25,400,600and800°C.The changes in residual stress along the depth of the coatings were investigated in detail by the nanoindentation method.Results showed that the average residual stress of2.90GPa in the coating prepared at25°C was largest.With the increase in environmental temperature,the average residual stress was reduced to1.34GPa(400°C),0.70GPa(600°C)and0GPa(800°C).For all the coatings,the residual stress was increased with increasing the distance from the coating surface.Enhancing the environmental temperature can effectively reduce the cracking susceptibility of the coatings.