5140圆钢应力裂纹扩展对超声波探伤结果的影响

对连铸坯经轧制后的5140圆钢在不同时间段的超声波探伤结果不一致的现象进行了研究,得出了钢在不良缓冷状态下应力释放产生的裂纹扩展现象对超声波探伤的结果有明显影响,并给出了防止应力裂纹产生的方法和保证探伤结果准确性的措施。

温度、水化学环境及冷加工程度对321不锈钢应力腐蚀裂纹扩展速率的影响

压水堆(PWR)一回路水的水化学环境、温度及冷加工程度对一回路管道的应力腐蚀开裂(SCC)具有重要影响,因此研究不同因素对一回路管道材料应力腐蚀开裂的影响具有重要意义。本文采用恒应力场强度因子法研究了不同温度、水化学环境及不同冷加工程度对321不锈钢(321SS)在高温高压水中应力腐蚀裂纹扩展速率(SCCGR)的影响,并研究这些因素的协同作用。研究结果表明,在B-Li及B-Li-O_(2)环境中,随温度升高材料的SCCGR先增大后减小,而在B-Li-O_(2)-Cl^(-)环境中,随温度升高SCCGR不断增大;水中溶氧(DO)及Cl^(-)对材料的SCCGR有协同促进作用,且O_(2)的加入对SCCGR的影响较Cl^(-)大;在B-Li环境中,冷加工对材料的SCCGR影响较小,而在腐蚀性环境(B-Li-O_(2)、B-Li-O_(2)-Cl^(-))中冷加工对材料的SCCGR影响较大,且腐蚀性环境越强,冷加工对SCCGR影响越大。经实验表明,温度、水化学环境及冷加工程度对321SS应力腐蚀裂纹扩展的影响具有协同作用。

关于护环裂纹的评价问题

近来国内大型发电机的转子护环出现过不少的应力腐蚀问题,但护环应力腐蚀在国内一些单位尚未引起重视。华北电网在 QFQS—200—2型、QFSN—200—2型及 TBφ—100—2型等发电机上也相继出现过这情况。应力腐蚀起始裂纹的发生和裂纹扩展速率除由材质决定外,还取决于制造工艺中转子护环处的圆角半径大小和运行或存放(包括大修期间)环境的相对湿度大小。而现有水电部运行规程中的湿度规定标准和测量方法均有待商榷。本文对影响应力腐蚀的因素,特别是环境相对湿度值的影响,通过断裂力学的分析及试验结果作了详细的论述,值得制造厂及运行部门借鉴。

国产锻造态核级管材316L不锈钢在高温高压水中的应力腐蚀裂纹扩展行为

采用直流电位降(DCPD)方法,实现了模拟核电站高温高压水环境中的国产锻造态核级管材316L不锈钢应力腐蚀裂纹扩展速率的实时检测.断口观察表明,国产316L不锈钢在高温高压水环境中表现出明显的沿晶应力腐蚀开裂(IGSCC)行为.降低溶解O含量,增加溶解H含量能够显著降低应力腐蚀裂纹扩展速率;梯形波载荷下的裂纹扩展速率大于恒载荷下的扩展速率,裂纹扩展速率随着(t_(fl)=t_(rs))/t_h比值的增加而升高.

Experimental study on dynamic fracture behavior of three-point bending beam with double deformity inclusions

The dynamic fracture behavior of the three-point bending beam with double deformity inclusions under impact loading is studied by using digital high-speed photography in combination with the transmission-type dynamic caustic method. The experimental results indicate that the fluctuation of crack propagation velocity v first increases and then decreases in the crack propagation process. During the process of crack propagating into the inclusion area, the fracture resistance effect of the circular inclusion is the most significant and the effects of triangular and square inclusions are less obvious. The stress intensity factor near the crack tip increases during the propagation process and reaches its maximum value when the crack tip is close to the inclusions. The crack tip’s dynamic stress intensity factor （ DSIF） decreases when the crack exceeds the middle area of the double inclusions. These results provide an experimental basis and scientific foundation to strengthen the evaluation and fracture analysis of the structure containing deformity inclusions.

Dynamic caustics experimental study on interaction between propagating crack and deformity inclusions in primary structure

The approach combining the dynamic caustics method with high-speed photography technology is used to study the interaction between propagating cracks and three kinds of deformity inclusions（ cylinder inclusion, quadruple inclusion and triangular inclusion） under lowvelocity impact loading. By recording the caustic spots of crack tips at different moments during the crack propagation, the variation regulations of dynamic stress intensity factors（ DSIF） and crack growth velocity with respect to time are obtained. The experimental results showthat the resistance effects to crack growth are varied with different shapes of inclusions in specimens, and the quadruple inclusion＇s effect is more apparent. The distortion degree of caustic spots is affected by the shapes of inclusions as well, and the situation is more serious for cylinder and quadruple inclusions. The overall values of DSIFs of triangular inclusion specimen are greater than the others, and the crack growth velocities, characteristic sizes and DSIFs showprocesses of fluctuations because of the disturbance of reflection waves in specimens. The results provide an experimental basis for the analysis of strength and impact-resistance ability in structures with deformity inclusions.

Finite Element Analysis on Plane Stress Crack Growth in a Power-Law Hardening Material

Aim To determine numerically the field characteristics in the vied at the tip of a place crack growing steadily in a power-law hardening material. Meteods. Methods on the Euler mode and small-scale yield assumption, the numerical results were given by nonlinear finite element analysis. Results The numerical results of the shape of the active plastic sone, the angular distribution of stresseses and Clack tip opening displacement (CTOD) in the vicinity at the hp of the steadily groWing CraCk are determined. Conclusion The comparison between the numerical results given by the present wort and those given by analytic asymptotic analysis shows that the present work reached a very high accuracy.

Theory and application of rock burst prevention using deep hole high pressure hydraulic fracturing

In order to analyze the mechanism of deep hole high pressure hydraulic fracturing, nonlinear dynamic theory, damage mechanics, elastic-plastic mechanics are used, and the law of crack propagation and stress transfer under two deep hole hydraulic fracturing in tectonic stress areas is studied using seepage-stress coupling models with RFPA simulation software. In addition, the effects of rock burst control are tested using multiple methods, either in the stress field or in the energy field. The research findings show that with two deep holes hydraulic fracturing in tectonic stress areas, the direction of the main crack propagation under shear-tensile stress is parallel to the greatest principal stress direction. High-pressure hydraulic fracturing water seepage can result in the destruction of the coal structure, while also weakening the physical and mechanical properties of coal and rock. Therefore the impact of high stress concentration in hazardous areas will level off, which has an effect on rock burst prevention and control in the region.

Diversity of intergranular corrosion and stress corrosion cracking for 5083 Al alloy with different grain sizes

5083 Al alloy sheets with different grain sizes(8.7-79.2 μm) were obtained by cold rolling and annealing. Their microstructures, intergranular corrosion(IGC), stress corrosion cracking(SCC), and crack propagation behaviors were investigated. The results showed that samples with coarse grains exhibit better IGC resistance with a corrosion depth of 15 μm. The slow strain rate test results revealed that fine-grained samples exhibit better SCC resistance with a susceptibility index(ISSRT) of 11.2%. Furthermore, based on the crack propagation mechanism, grain refinement can improve the SCC resistance by increasing the number of grain boundaries to induce the corrosion crack propagation along a tortuous path. The grains with {011} orientation could hinder crack propagation by orientating it toward the low-angle grain boundary region. The crack in the fine-grained material slowly propagates due to the tortuous path, and low H;and Cl;concentrations.

DAMAGE TOLERANCE AND FATIGUE LIFE ESTIMATION FOR PIPE/ROD BAR STRUCTURE

The damage tolerance for pipe/rod bar in the auxiliary power units （APUs） support system is studied. The main objective is to study whether planes can safely land when the fatigue crack appears on the bar. Firstly, the stress intensity factors （K~） of two bar structures are computed, and the iso-stress intensity factor （iso-Kl） model is presented. The model uses the finite element model （FEM） instead of the parameters of material to com- pute the crack propagation. Then, the general relations between Kt vs crack size are obtained for different mate- rials, inner to outer diameter ratios （D^n/Dout） and external crack propagation angles （0）. Finally, the FEM anal- ysis results are input to the ANSYS parametric design language（ANSYS-APDL） software. And the fatigue life of damaged bar is estimated under the condition of loading spectrum.

Fracture properties of epoxy asphalt mixture based on extended finite element method

Crack is found to be a major distress that affects the performance of the epoxy asphalt pavement.An extended finite element method was proposed for investigating the fracture properties of the epoxy asphalt mixture.Firstly,the single-edge notched beam test was used to analyze the temperature effect and calculate the material parameters.Then,the mechanical responses were studied using numerical analysis.It is concluded that 5℃ can be selected as the critical temperature that affects the fracture properties,and numerical simulations indicate that crack propagation is found to significantly affect the stress state of the epoxy asphalt mixture.The maximum principal stress at the crack surface exhibits different trends at various temperatures.Numerical solution of stress intensity factor can well meet the theoretical solution,especially when the temperature is lower than 5℃.

Crack evolution behavior of rocks under confining pressures and its propagation model before peak stress

The understanding of crack propagation characteristics and law of rocks during the loading process is of great significance for the exploitation and support of rock engineering.In this study,the crack propagation behavior of rocks in triaxial compression tests was investigated in detail.The main conclusions were as follows:1)According to the evolution characteristics of crack axial strain,the differential stress?strain curve of rocks under triaxial compressive condition can be divided into three phases which are linear elastic phase,crack propagation phase,post peak phase,respectively;2)The proposed models are applied to comparison with the test data of rocks under triaxial compressive condition and different temperatures.The theoretical data calculated by the models are in good agreement with the laboratory data,indicating that the proposed model can be applied to describing the crack propagation behavior and the nonlinear properties of rocks under triaxial compressive condition;3)The inelastic compliance and crack initiation strain in the proposed model have a decrease trend with the increase of confining pressure and temperature.Peak crack axial strain increases nonlinearly with the inelastic compliance and the increase rate increases gradually.Crack initiation strain has a linear relation with peak crack axial strain.

Finite element simulation of stress intensity factors in elastic-plastic crack growth

A finite element program developed elastic-plastic crack propagation simulation using Fortran language. At each propagation step, the adaptive mesh is automatically refined based on a posteriori h-type refinement using norm stress error estimator. A rosette of quarter-point elements is then constructed around the crack tip to facilitate the prediction of crack growth based on the maximum normal stress criterion and to calculate stress intensity factors under plane stress and plane strain conditions. Crack was modelled to propagate through the inter-element in the mesh. Some examples are presented to show the results of the implementation.

Fatigue crack growth mechanism in cast hybrid metal matrix composite reinforced with SiC particles and Al_2O_3 whiskers

The fatigue crack growth(FCG) mechanism of a cast hybrid metal matrix composite(MMC) reinforced with SiC particles and Al2O3 whiskers was investigated. For comparison, the FCG mechanisms of a cast MMC with Al2O3 whiskers and a cast Al alloy were also investigated. The results show that the FCG mechanism is observed in the near-threshold and stable-crack-growth regions.The hybrid MMC shows a higher threshold stress intensity factor range, ?Kth, than the MMC with Al2O3 and Al alloy, indicating better resistance to crack growth in a lower stress intensity factor range, ?K. In the near-threshold region with decreasing ?K, the two composite materials exhibit similar FCG mechanism that is dominated by debonding of the reinforcement–matrix interface, and followed by void nucleation and coalescence in the Al matrix. At higher ?K in the stable- or mid-crack-growth region, in addition to the debonding of the particle–matrix and whisker–matrix interface caused by cycle-by-cycle crack growth at the interface, the FCG is affected predominantly by striation formation in the Al matrix. Moreover, void nucleation and coalescence in the Al matrix and transgranular fracture of SiC particles and Al2O3 whiskers at high ?K are also observed as the local unstable fracture mechanisms.However, the FCG of the monolithic Al alloy is dominated by void nucleation and coalescence at lower ?K, whereas the FCG at higher ?K is controlled mainly by striation formation in the Al grains, and followed by void nucleation and coalescence in the Si clusters.

Wing crack propagation model under high hydraulic pressure in compressive-shear stress state

A new wing crack model subjected to hydraulic pressure and far-field stresses was proposed considering the effect of hydraulic pressure in wing crack and the connected part of the main crack on the stress intensity factor at the wing crack tip. With the equivalent crack length Ieq of the wing crack introduced, the stress intensity factor Kl at the wing crack tip was as- sumed to the sum of two terms： on one hand a component K1^（1） for a single isolated straight wing crack of length 21, and subjected to hydraulic pressure in the wing crack and far-field stresses; on the other hand a component K1（2） due to the effective shear stress induced by the presence of the equivalent main crack. The lateral tensile stress and hydraulic high pressure are the key factors that induce crack propagation unsteadily. The new wing crack theoretical model proposed can supply references for the study on hydraulic fracture in fractured masses, hydraulic fracturing in rock masses.

伊尔18飞机上翼面铆钉的断裂分析

伊尔—18飞机在长期使用中,其上翼面大量铆钉出现裂纹,这危及安全飞行。本文对铆钉出现裂纹的原因进行了分析,并通过计算给出了铆钉裂纹扩展到钉杆后的剩余寿命。这种估算伊尔—18飞机翼面铆钉剩余寿命的方法,也可作为分析其它腐蚀疲劳问题的参考。

Feasibility analysis for monitoring fatigue crack in hydraulic turbine blades using acoustic emission technique

In order to investigate the feasibility of monitoring the fatigue cracks in turbine blades using acoustic emission (AE) technique, the AE characteristics of fatigue crack growth were studied in the laboratory. And the characteristics were compared with those of background noise received from a real hydraulic turbine unit. It is found that the AE parameters such as the energy and duration can qualitatively describe the fatigue state of the blades. The correlations of crack propagation rates and acoustic emission count rates vs stress intensity factor (SIF) range are also obtained. At the same time, for the specimens of 20SiMn under the given testing conditions, it is noted that the rise time and duration of events emitted from the fatigue process are lower than those from the background noise; amplitude range is 49-74 dB, which is lower than that of the noise (90-99 dB); frequency range of main energy of crack signals is higher than 60 kHz while that in the noise is lower than 55 kHz. Thus, it is possible to extract the useful crack signals from the noise through appropriate signal processing methods and to represent the crack status of blade materials by AE parameters. As a result, it is feasible to monitor the safety of runners using AE technique.

Dynamic Crack Propagation Analysis Using Scaled Boundary Finite Element Method

The prediction of dynamic crack propagation in brittle materials is still an important issue in many engineering fields. The remeshing technique based on scaled boundary finite element method(SBFEM) is extended to predict the dynamic crack propagation in brittle materials. The structure is firstly divided into a number of superelements, only the boundaries of which need to be discretized with line elements. In the SBFEM formulation, the stiffness and mass matrices of the super-elements can be coupled seamlessly with standard finite elements, thus the advantages of versatility and flexibility of the FEM are well maintained. The transient response of the structure can be calculated directly in the time domain using a standard time-integration scheme. Then the dynamic stress intensity factor(DSIF) during crack propagation can be solved analytically due to the semi-analytical nature of SBFEM. Only the fine mesh discretization for the crack-tip super-element is needed to ensure the required accuracy for the determination of stress intensity factor(SIF). According to the predicted crack-tip position, a simple remeshing algorithm with the minimum mesh changes is suggested to simulate the dynamic crack propagation. Numerical examples indicate that the proposed method can be effectively used to deal with the dynamic crack propagation in a finite sized rectangular plate including a central crack. Comparison is made with the results available in the literature, which shows good agreement between each other.

Bond interface crack propagation of fresh foundation concrete and rock under blasting load

According to concrete age, the dynamic stress intensity factors of bond interface crack of concrete-rock was calculated. Result shows that the propagation of concreteinterface crack is mainly caused by tensile stress and shear stress for stress wave reflection. With the growth of concrete age, interface crack fracture toughness increases, and itscapacity of resisting blasting load strengthens. Therefore, blasting vibration should bestrictly controlled for fresh concrete.

核电站316L不锈钢弯头应力腐蚀行为的寿命预测

采用数值模拟方法对核电站316L不锈钢弯头的应力腐蚀裂纹扩展行为进行了研究。首先针对不锈钢厚壁弯头(外径355.6 mm,内径275.6 mm)进行有限元建模,在弯头内壁上创建出与实际裂纹相符的半椭圆状3D缺陷作为裂纹形状,其裂纹张开位移(δ_i)由Dugdale模型计算确定;然后根据有限元计算结果,建立裂纹应力强度因子(K)随裂纹深度(a)及附加应力(P)变化的拟合公式,结合实验数据得到管材在2种冷变形量下的应力腐蚀裂纹扩展速率(da/dt)拟合公式,利用迭代方法计算了裂纹穿透管壁所需的时间,为核电站安全评估提供了有效依据。研究显示,当弯头部位的冷变形量较小(硬度为230~245 HV)且在理想情况下(无初始附加应力),弯头被应力腐蚀裂纹穿透耗时最长(约57 a);当初始附加应力增加至200 MPa,此失效时间约缩减至前者的1/5(无应力释放)、2/7(应力释放一半)以及3/7(应力完全释放);保持初始附加应力不变(200 MPa)并提高弯头部位冷加工变形量(由硬度为230~245 HV提高到275~300 HV),弯头的大变形部位被穿透时间约缩短至小变形部位失效时间的2/5(无应力释放)、3/8(应力释放一半)以及1/3(应力完全释放),由此可见应力释放程度的降低和冷加工变形量的增加均导致了核电站316L不锈钢弯头剩余寿命的缩短。