假设应变元的改进

本文在假设应变元[1][2]基础上,讨论了改进假设应变场的依据,并引入了应变场的改进方案,构造了两种新的假设应变元。新构造的单元和原单元[1]相比,对扭曲网格的敏感程度明显降低,同时因其基于Hu-Washizu变分原理,因此更适合非线性分析。数值算例表明了该单元的精度。

几何非线性混合应变元的构造及应用

本文基于由文献[1]导出的几何非线性混合应变元一般公式,构造了三个八节点六面体几何非线性混合应变元和Simo-Rifai的二维四边形线性应变元的几何非线性混合应变元。数值结果表明,所构造的二维及三维几何非线性混合应变元具有理想的性能。它们通过分片试验,且没有虚假剪切现象和不可压缩材料的自锁。同时,它们对歪扭网格不敏感,在利用粗疏网格离散时对线性和非线性(几何和材料)问题具有很高的精度。

拉格朗日几何非线性混合应变元

本文应用由Simo和Rifai建议的混合假定附加应变途径,采用第二Piola—Kirchhoff应力张量和Green—Lagrange应变张量作为能量共轭的应力应变度量,导出了Lagrange几何非线性下的胡海昌-Washizu三变量变分原理的Galerkin形式以及相应的混合假定应变元公式。

采用对数应变的附加混合应变元的非线性分析

将Ｓｉｍｏ等提出的混合应变元应用到采用对数应变张量的有限应变分析中，给出了基于对数应变张量的几何非线性附加混合应变元的弹塑性模型，得出了简便的计算方法。数值算例表明，该方法能得到较好的结果，有较高的精度。

关于奇应变拟协调元的一点注记

由于奇应变元与常规元在接触面上的位移往往是不协调的,因而用这两种单元结合的有限元法来确定应力强度因子的情况下,就不能按虚功原理进行计算.为此,本文引进了拟协调条件,构造出一个奇应变拟协调元,并计算出它的刚度矩阵.两刚算例所得的结果与其他方法得到的基本相同.通过计算还可发现:奇应变拟协调元的尺寸也此通常的奇应变元要大得多,从而就可以避免使用过渡单元.此外,本文还对常用的几种奇应变元的协调性进行了讨论.

平面应变边界元的位移反分析在阿拉坦隧道中的应用

隧道工程材料特性参数确定一直是人们应用各种方法定量认识的一大工程问题。结合阿拉坦隧道在施工过程中的监控量测所得位移,采用平面应变边界元BPM90程序对隧道岩体物理力学参数进行反分析,并用TSP地质资料说明位移反分析求解的岩体参数有比较高的可信度。

Friction coefficient in rubber forming process of Ti-15-3 alloy

The forming limit diagram of Ti-15-3 alloy sheet was constituted at room temperature. The effects of different punch and rubber hardness on the limit principal strain distributions were investigated experimentally. Finite element analysis models of the samples with dimensions of 180 mm×180 mm were established to analyze the friction coefficients of different interfaces. Effects of various friction coefficients on the strain distributions were studied in detail. Finally, the friction coefficients in the cold forming were determined by contrasting the strain results between the experimental data and the simulated ones.

Finite element analysis of strain distribution in ZK60 Mg alloy during cyclic extrusion and compression

Finite element method was used to study the strain distribution in ZK60 Mg alloy during multi-pass cyclic extrusion and compression （CEC）. In order to optimize the CEC processing, the effects of friction condition and die geometry on the distribution of total equivalent plastic strain were investigated. The results show that the strain distributions in the workpieces are inhomogeneous after CEC deformation. The strains of the both ends of the workpieces are lower than that of the center region. The process parameters have significant effects on the strain distribution. The friction between die and workpiece is detrimental to strain homogeneity, thus the friction should be decreased. In order to improve the strain homogeneity, a large corner radius and a low extrusion angle should be used.

Identification of processing window for extrusion of large thick-walled Inconel 625 alloy pipes using response surface methodology

Identifying suitable processing window is necessary but difficult for achieving favorable microstructure and performance in extrusion of large thick-walled pipe with difficult-to-deform Inconel 625 alloy. In this work, a method was established for identifying the extrusion process window considering temperature control using response surface methodology. Firstly, the response surface models, which correlate temperature rise and peak temperature to key extrusion parameters, have been developed by orthogonal regression based on finite element calculated data. Secondly, the coupled effects of the key extrusion parameters on the temperature rise and peak temperature have been disclosed based on the regression models. Lastly, suitable extrusion processing windows, which are described by contour map of peak temperature in the space of extrusion speed and initial billet temperature, have been established for different extrusion ratios. Using the identified process window, a suitable combination of the key extrusion parameters can be determined conveniently and quickly.

Research on 1-3 Orthogonal Anisotropic Piezoelectric Composite Material Sensors-

Piezoelectric composite material (PCM) is an important branch of modernsensor and actuator materials with wide applications in smart structures. In this paper, based onpiezoelectric ceramic, composite and experimental mechanics theories, a kind of 1-3 orthogonalanisotropic PCM (OAPCM) sensor is developed, and the sensing principle is analyzed to describesensor behaviors. In order to determine strain and stress on isotropic or orthogonal anisotropiccomponent surface, the relationships between strain and stress are established. The experimentalresearch on 1-3 OAPCM sensor is carried out in uniaxial and biaxial stress states. The results showthat 1-3 OAPCM sensors offer orthotropic properties of piezoelectricity, and sensing equations canbe used for strain or stress measurement with good accuracy.

Comparison of evolution laws of stress and strain fields in hot rolling of titanium alloy large rings with different sizes

For hot rolling of titanium alloy large rings,evolution laws of stress and strain fields in rings with various sizes were explored and compared based on a reliable coupled thermo-mechanical three-dimensional （3D） finite element （FE） model.The results show that for forming processes of different rings,as γ^-（the equivalent distribution ratio of feed amount per revolution of a process） decreases,the final peak Mises stress may transfer from the biting point at the driver roll side to that at the idle roll side,and the final peak equivalent plastic strain may transfer from the outside surface to the inside surface;as L^- （the equivalent deformation zone length of a process） increases,the final peak Mises stress may appear in the middle layer.The final positions of peak Mises stress and equivalent plastic strain are the combined effects of the above two aspects.In the deformation zone of a deformed ring,the surface layers are in the 3D compressive stress state,while the middle layer is in the 1D compressive and 2D tensile stress state or 2D compressive and 1D tensile stress state;the whole ring is in the 1D compressive and 2D tensile strain state.

Influence of deformation passes on interface of SiC_p/Al composites consolidated by equal channel angular pressing and torsion

Powder mixture of pure Al and oxidized Si C was consolidated into 10%（mass fraction） Si Cp/Al composites at 250 °C by equal channel angular pressing and torsion（ECAP-T）. The valence states of Si for Si C particulates and Al for the as-consolidated composites were detected by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy（XPS）. The interfacial bondings of the composites were characterized by scanning electron microscopy（SEM）. The elements at the interface were linearly scanned by energy dispersive spectroscopy（EDS） and the EDS mappings of Si and Al were also obtained. The values of the nanohardness at different positions within 2 μm from the boundary of Si C particulate were measured. The results show that after ECAP-T, interfacial reaction which inhibits injurious interfacial phase occurs between Al and the oxide layer of Si C, and the element interdiffusion which can enhance interfacial bonding exists between Al and Si C. As ECAP-T passes increase, the reaction degree is intensified and the element interdiffusion layer is thickened, leading to the more smooth transition of the hardness from Si C to Al.

Influences of electric-hydraulic chattering on backward extrusion process of 6061 aluminum alloy

The possibility of the electric-hydraulic chattering technology and its application in the cold extrusion were presented.The conventional and electric-hydraulic chattering assisted backward extrusion processes were performed on 6061 aluminum alloy billets at room temperature.The experimental results showed that 5.65% reduction in the extrusion load was attained if the die and ejector were vibrated at a frequency of 100 Hz and amplitude of 0.013 mm in the longitudinal direction.The friction coefficient at the billet and tool system interface determined from the finite element analysis（FEA） decreased from 0.2 without chattering to 0.1 with application of electric-hydraulic chattering.The higher values of instantaneous velocity and direction change of material flow were achieved during the chattering assisted backward extrusion process.The strain distribution of the chattering assisted backward extrusion billet revealed lower maximum strain and smoother strain distribution in comparison with that produced by the conventional extrusion method.

Research on relationship between leakage of incompressible fluid and pressure change in pipeline

In practical engineering,only pressure sensors are allowed to install to detect leakage in most of oil transportation pipelines,while flowmeters are only installed at the toll ports.For incompressible fluid,the leakage rate and amount cannot be accurately calculated through critical pressure conditions.In this paper,a micro-element body of the pipeline was intercepted for calculation.The relationship between radial displacement and pressure of pipe wall was studied based on the stress-strain equation.Then,the strain response of pipeline volume with pipeline pressure was obtained.The change in volume expansion of pipeline was used to characterize leakage of incompressible fluid.Finally,the calculation model of leakage amount of incompressible fluid was obtained.To verify the above theory,the pipeline expansion model under pressure was established by COMSOL software for simulation.Both simulation results and deduction equations show that the volumetric change has a quadratic parabolic relationship with the change of pipeline pressure.However,the relationship between them can be approximately linear when the pressure change is not too large.In addition,the leakage of incompressible fluid under the pressure of 0 MPa-0.8 MPa was obtained by experiments.The experimental results verify the linear relationship between leakage of incompressible fluid and the change of pipeline pressure.The theoretical and experimental results provide a basis for the calculation of leakage of incompressible fluid in the pipeline.

Numerical Modeling of Neotectonic Movements and State of Stresses in the Central Seismic Gap Region,Garhwal Himalaya

This paper presents finite element modeling （FEM） to simulate the present-day stress field and crustal deformation using NE-SW structural section in the central Seismic Gap region of the Garhwal Himalaya. Our study deals with the effect of geometrical characteristics and rock layer parameters on the upper crust. Modeling results show that two types of tectonic regimes developed in the central Seismic Gap region： the geotectonics of the northern part has been controlled by regional compression, whereas southern part is characterized by regional extension. Correspondingly, thrust faults are induced in the northern part and normal faults are extensively developed in the southern front. Those evidences noticeably indicate that the compressive tectonic environment of the Himalaya becomes change into the extensional tectonic regime in its front. The computed shear stress accumulation along the northern fiat of Main Himalayan Thrust （MHT） implies that considerable amount of interseismic stress is building up along the MHT system in the Himalaya, which ultimately release through the possible future great Himalayan earthquake （M 〉 8）. The comparison between our modeled stress field, faulting pattern and horizontal shortening rate with the distribution of the microseismic events, focal mechanism solutions, active faulting and GPS data in the central Seismic Gap region shows good agreement.

Prediction of Welding Deformation of Underframe

An inherent strain method was applied to the welding deformation analysis of left girder of GM’s Buick’s chassis underframe assembly. Three models are used in the calculation. Model 1 takes into account the longitudinal and transverse inherent strains; model 2 considers only longitudinal inherent strain; model 3 also takes into account the longitudinal and transverse inherent strains, but inherent strains are taken according to the function instead of the constant, for simulating the variation of the girder’s stiffness during welding process. The result shows the deformation of model 2 is less than that of the model 1, the error is less than 10% of the absolute displacement. So the longitudinal inherent strain is the main factor determining boxes-girder’s welding deformation. The deformation of model 3 is also less than that of the model 1, because the inherent strains of the model 3 are less than that of the model 1. At last, the welding deformation of the whole underframe was analyzed. The analysis results can be taken as references not only for the choices of welding sequence, welding parameters and fixture’s location, but also for welding deformation prediction of other car chassis.

Stress distribution and fatigue life of built-up sleeved backup roll

The advantage of built-up sleeved backup roll was described. Based on the stress distribution analysis and simulation for the built-up sleeved backup roll by using finite element method, the effects of roll sleeve thickness and shrink range on the stress-strain field were studied. Finally, based on the methodology and strategy of the fatigue analysis, fatigue life of backup roll was estimated by using the stress-strain data obtained through finite element simulation. The results show that roll sleeve thickness and shrink range have a great influence on sleeve stress distribution of built-up sleeved roll. Under the circumstance of ensuring transferring enough torque, the shrink range should be kept small. However, thicker roll sleeve has longer roll service life when the shrink range is constant.

Variation of hydraulic gradient in nonlinear finite strain consolidation

In the research field of ground water, hydraulic gradient is studied for decades. In the consolidation field, hydraulic gradient is yet to be investigated as an important hydraulic variable. So, the variation of hydraulic gradient in nonlinear finite strain consolidation was focused on in this work. Based on lab tests, the nonlinear compressibility and nonlinear permeability of Ningbo soft clay were obtained. Then, a strongly nonlinear governing equation was derived and it was solved with the finite element method.Afterwards, the numerical analysis was performed and it was verified with the existing experiment for Hong Kong marine clay. It can be found that the variation of hydraulic gradient is closely related to the magnitude of external load and the depth in soils. It is interesting that the absolute value of hydraulic gradient(AVHG) increases rapidly first and then decreases gradually after reaching the maximum at different depths of soils. Furthermore, the changing curves of AVHG can be roughly divided into five phases. This five-phase model can be employed to study the migration of pore water during consolidation.

Constitutive equations and finite element implementation of strain localization in sand deformation

A recently proposed model coupling with the solid-fluid of the saturated sand was utilized to study the deformation band. Based on the critical state plasticity model by Borja and Andrade, the hydraulic conductivity tensor was naturally treated as a function of the spatial discretization matrix about the displacement and the stress field, allowing a more realistic representation of the physical phenomenon. The fully Lagrangian form of the Darcy law was resolved by Piola algorithm, and then the flow law was gained, leading to the implementation of a modified model of the saturated sand. Then the criterion for the onset of localization was derived and utilized to detect instability. The constitutive model was implemented in a finite element program coded by FORTRAN, which was used to predict the formation and development of shear bands in plane strain compression of saturated sand. At last, the formation mechanism of the shear band was discussed. It is shown that the model works well, and the simulation sample bifurcates at 1.18% axial strain, which is in a good qualitative agreement with the experiment. The pore pressure greatly affects the onset and development of the deformation band, and it obviously increases around the localization-prone regions with the direction toward the outer side of the normal of the shear band, while the pore stress flows nearly horizontally and is distributed equally far away the shear band region.

Effect of asymmetric rolling under high friction coefficient on recrystallization texture and plastic anisotropy of AA1050 alloy

In asymmetric rolling(ASR) the circumferential velocities of the working rolls are different. This yields a complex deformation mode with shear, compression and rigid body rotation components. The main microstructural modification is on crystallographic texture, and, for aluminium alloys, this may improve the deformability after recrystallization. This work correlated the process variables, thickness reduction per pass(TRP) and velocity ratio between the upper and bottom rolls, with the texture development and the plastic properties after annealing. Finite element(FE) simulations were performed to quantify the influence of the strain components. Experimental data on texture, and plastic anisotropy were analyzed. In the sheet centre a crystallographic rotation of the compression components about the TD(transverse direction) axis was obtained, which yielded the development of {111}//ND(normal direction) texture components. On the surfaces the local variation of the velocity gradients caused an extra rotation component about ND. This yielded the increment of rotated cube components. After annealing the main texture components at the sheet centre were maintained and the texture intensity decreased. The planar anisotropy(△r) was reduced but the normal anisotropy and deep drawability obtained by the Erichsen test were similar for all conditions. The most favourable reduction of △r was obtained at a velocity ratio of 1.5 and TRP of 10%.