基于应力功恒等法的振动时效研究

振动时效主要用于消减构件的残余应力,本质上类似于应力松弛,应变变程恒定的情况下峰值应力随周期减小。材料发生应力松弛的部分为应力集中区,振动时效过程中产生局部塑性应变。针对如7075高强铝合金幂次硬化材料,可以采用基于等效线弹性模型的应力功恒等法近似计算材料的局部应力和应变变程,以弥补实验过程需要测量但不易获得的重要数据。计算得到的应力-应变曲线与流变塑性理论公式推导的结果及其它研究者通过模型仿真得到的结果相似,表明应力功恒等法应用于振动时效分析具有计算简单,准确实用的特点,对工程实践有一定的参考价值和指导作用。

Constitutive equations for high temperature flow stress prediction of 6063 Al alloy considering compensation of strain

In order to develop the appropriate constitutive equation which can precisely model high temperature flow stress of 6063 Al alloy, a series of isothermal hot compression tests were performed at temperatures from 573 to 773 K and strain rates from 0.5 to 50 s?1 on a Gleeble?1500 thermo-simulation machine. Zener–Hollomon parameter in an exponent-type equation was used to describe the combined effects of temperature and strain rate on hot deformation behaviour of 6063 Al alloy, whereas the influence of strain was incorporated in the developed constitutive equation by considering material constants (α,n,Q andA) to be 4th order polynomial functions of strain. The results show that the developed constitutive equation can accurately predict high temperature flow stress of 6063 Al alloy, which demonstrates that it can be suitable for simulating hot deformation processes such as extrusion and forging, and for properly designing the deformation parameters in engineering practice.

Hot deformation behavior and processing maps of Mg-Zn-Cu-Zr magnesium alloy

The deformation behaviors of a new quaternary Mg-6Zn-1.5Cu-0.5Zr alloy at temperatures of 523-673 K and strain rates of 0.001-1 s-1 were studied by compressive tests using a Gleeble 3800 thermal-simulator.The results show that the flow stress increases as the deformation temperature decreases or as the strain rate increases.A strain-dependent constitutive equation and a feed-forward back-propagation artificial neural network were used to predict flow stress,which showed good agreement with experimental data.The processing map suggests that the domains of 643-673 K and 0.001-0.01 s-1 are corresponded to optimum conditions for hot working of the T4-treated Mg-6Zn-1.5Cu-0.5Zr alloy.

Regularity and mechanism of coal resistivity response with different conductive characteristics in complete stress-strain process

The stress,strain as well as resistivity of coal during uniaxial compression process were tested based on self-built real-time testing system of loaded coal resistivity.Furthermore,the coal resistivity regularity and mechanism were analyzed at different stages of complete stress-strain process,which includes the two kinds of coal body with typical conductive characteristics.The results indicate that coal resistivity with different conductive characteristics has different change rules in complete stress-strain process.It is mainly represented at the densification and flexibility phases before dilatation occurs.The variation of resistivity can be divided into two kinds,named down and up.Dilatation of coal samples occurred between 66%σ_(max) and 87%σ_(max).Because of dilatation,coal resistivity involves sudden change.The overall representation is shifting from reducing into improving or from slow improving into accelerated improving.Thus,coal resistivity always shows an increasing tendency at the plastic stage.After peak stress,coal body enters into failure stage.The expanding and communicating of macro fracture causes further improvement of coal resistivity.The maximum value of resistivity rangeability named λ reached 3.49.Through making real-time monitoring on coal resistivity,variation rules of resistivity can be deemed as precursory information so as to reflect the dilatation and sudden change before coal body reaches buckling failure,which can provide a new technological means for forecasting the dynamic disaster of coal petrography.

Flow behavior of Al-6.2Zn-0.70Mg-0.30Mn-0.17Zr alloy during hot compressive deformation based on Arrhenius and ANN models

The hot deformation behavior of Al?6.2Zn?0.70Mg?0.30Mn?0.17Zr alloy was investigated by isothermal compressiontest on a Gleeble?3500machine in the deformation temperature range between623and773K and the strain rate range between0.01and20s?1.The results show that the flow stress decreases with decreasing strain rate and increasing deformation temperature.Basedon the experimental results,Arrhenius constitutive equations and artificial neural network(ANN)model were established toinvestigate the flow behavior of the alloy.The calculated results show that the influence of strain on material constants can berepresented by a6th-order polynomial function.The ANN model with16neurons in hidden layer possesses perfect performanceprediction of the flow stress.The predictabilities of the two established models are different.The errors of results calculated by ANNmodel were more centralized and the mean absolute error corresponding to Arrhenius constitutive equations and ANN model are3.49%and1.03%,respectively.In predicting the flow stress of experimental aluminum alloy,the ANN model has a betterpredictability and greater efficiency than Arrhenius constitutive equations.

Effect of confining pressure on deformation and failure of rock at higher strain rate

Influence of confining pressure from 0 to 28 MPa, which acts on the two lateral edges of rock specimen in plane strain compression, on the shear failure processes and patterns as well as on the macroscopically mechanical responses were numerically modeled by use of FLAC. A material imperfection with lower strength in comparison with the intact rock, which is close to the lower-left corner of the specimen, was prescribed. In elastic stage, the adopted constitutive relation of rock was linear elastic; in strain-softening stage, a composite Mohr-Coulomb criterion with tension cut-off and a post-peak linear constitutive relation were adopted. The numerical results show that with an increase of confining pressure the peak strength of axial stress-axial strain curve and the corresponding axial strain linearly increase; the residual strength and the stress drop from the peak strength to the residual strength increase; the failure modes of rock transform form the multiple shear bands close to the loading end of the specimen （confining pressure=0-0.1 MPa）, to the conjugate shear bands （0.5-2.0 MPa）, and then to the single shear band （4-28 MPa）. Once the tip of the band reaches the loading end of the specimen, the direction of the band changes so that the reflection of the band occurs. At higher confining pressure, the new-formed shear band does not intersect the imperfection, bringing extreme difficulties in prediction of the failure of rock structure, such as rock burst. The present results enhance the understanding of the shear failure processes and patterns of rock specimen in higher confining pressure and higher loading strain rate.

Microstructural evolution during semisolid state strain induced melt activation process of aluminum 7075 alloy

The effects of compression ratio on the microstructure evolution of semisolid 7075 Al alloy produced by the strain induced melt activation （SIMA） process were investigated. The samples were cold deformed by compression into the different heights up to 40% reduction. The isothermal holding treatments were carried out at 625 ℃ for predetermined time intervals. The results reveal that the average grain size is gradually reduced with the increase of the compression ratio. When the compression ratio surpasses 30%, the above descending trend is not as evident as that below 30% reduction. During the subsequent heat treatments, the recrystallization is induced in the deformed samples by the increasingly accumulated strain energy. The grain growth mechanisms and the microstructural coarsening of the SIMA processed 7075 Al alloy were discussed and confirmed.

Modelling of Non-coaxial Viscoplastic Deformation in Geodynamics

The formation of shear bands for time and length scales appropriate for deformation processes in the upper Lithosphere is investigated in plane strain finite element simulations under predominantly uniaxial extension and compression, respectively. The direction of gravity is assumed orthogonal to the extension/compression axis. Mathematically, the formation of shear zones may be explained as a consequence of changes in the type of the governing model equations. Such changes or bifurcations depend strongly on the details of the constitutive relationships such as strain softening, thermal or chemical effects, associated or non-associated--coaxial or non-coaxial flow rules. Here we focus on strain softening and coaxial and non-coaxial flow rules. In the simulations, we consider an initially rectangular domain with the dimensions Lo, Ho in the horizontal, vertical directions, respectively. The domain is extended or compressed by prescribing a uniform, horizontal velocity field along one of the vertical boundaries while keeping the opposite boundary fixed. An important global descriptor of the deformation process is the relationship between the horizontal stress resultant （average horizontal stress） and the strain ln（L/Lo）, where L is the deformed length of the domain. The main goal of this paper is to investigate key factors influencing the phenomenology of the localization process such as flow rule, coaxial, non-coaxial and strain softening. Different origins of the mesh sensitivity of deformations involving localization are also investigated.

Constitutive equations and finite element implementation of strain localization in sand deformation

A recently proposed model coupling with the solid-fluid of the saturated sand was utilized to study the deformation band. Based on the critical state plasticity model by Borja and Andrade, the hydraulic conductivity tensor was naturally treated as a function of the spatial discretization matrix about the displacement and the stress field, allowing a more realistic representation of the physical phenomenon. The fully Lagrangian form of the Darcy law was resolved by Piola algorithm, and then the flow law was gained, leading to the implementation of a modified model of the saturated sand. Then the criterion for the onset of localization was derived and utilized to detect instability. The constitutive model was implemented in a finite element program coded by FORTRAN, which was used to predict the formation and development of shear bands in plane strain compression of saturated sand. At last, the formation mechanism of the shear band was discussed. It is shown that the model works well, and the simulation sample bifurcates at 1.18% axial strain, which is in a good qualitative agreement with the experiment. The pore pressure greatly affects the onset and development of the deformation band, and it obviously increases around the localization-prone regions with the direction toward the outer side of the normal of the shear band, while the pore stress flows nearly horizontally and is distributed equally far away the shear band region.

Reheating and thixoforging of ZK60+RE alloy deformed by ECAE

The two-pass equal channel angular extrusion (ECAE) process was introduced into strain-induced melt activation (SIMA) to predeform a ZK60 alloy with rare earth (RE) addition. Microstructure evolution of ECAE-formed ZK60+RE alloy during reheating was investigated. Furthermore, tensile properties of thixoforged components were determined. The results show that the SIMA process can produce ideal microstructures, and spheroidized solid particles with little entrapped liquid can be obtained. With prolonging holding time, the size of solid particles increases and the degree of spheroidization is improved. The tensile properties of the thixoforged ZK60+RE samples are close to those of two-pass ECAE-formed samples.

Edge-Weighted Centroidal Voronoi Tessellations

Most existing applications of centroidal Voronoi tessellations(CVTs) lack consideration of the length of the cluster boundaries.In this paper we propose a new model and algorithms to produce segmentations which would minimize the total energy—a sum of the classic CVT energy and the weighted length of cluster boundaries.To distinguish it with the classic CVTs,we call it an Edge-Weighted CVT(EWCVT).The concept of EWCVT is expected to build a mathematical base for all CVT related data classifications with requirement of smoothness of the cluster boundaries.The EWCVT method is easy in implementation,fast in computation,and natural for any number of clusters.

Painlevé Analysis and Darboux Transformation for a Variable-Coefficient Boussinesq System in Fluid Dynamics with Symbolic Computation

The new soliton solutions for the variable-coefficient Boussinesq system, whose applications are seen influid dynamics, are studied in this paper with symbolic computation. First, the Painleve analysis is used to investigateits integrability properties. For the identified case we give, the Lax pair of the system is found, and then the Darbouxtransformation is constructed. At last, some new soliton solutions are presented via the Darboux method. Those solutionsmight be of some value in fluid dynamics.

Robust Adaptive Pitch Control of Floating Wind Turbines

In this paper, a modified sliding-mode adaptive controller is derived to achieve stability and output regulation for a class of dynamical systems represented by a non-homogeneous differential equation with unknown time-varying coefficients and unknown force function. In this scheme, the control law is constructed in terms of estimated values for the bounds of the unknown coefficients, where these values are continuously updated by adaptive laws to ensure asymptotic convergence to zero for the output function. The proposed controller is applied to solve the problem of pitch angle regulation for a floating wind turbine with dynamic uncertainty and external disturbances. Numerical simulations are performed to demonstrate the validity of the designed controller to achieve the desired pitch angle for the floating turbine＇s body.

Atomistic simulation study of tensile deformation in bulk nanocrystalline bcc iron

In the present work,the mechanical properties of bulk nanocrystalline(NC) bcc Fe under tensile deformation have been studied by molecular dynamics(MD) simulations.Average flow stress was found to decrease with grain refinement below 13.54 nm,indicating a breakdown in the Hall-Petch relation.A change from grain boundary(GB) mediated dislocation activities to GB activities may be a possible explanation of the breakdown in the Hall-Petch relation.The results also indicate that the average flow stress increases with increasing strain rates and decreasing temperatures.Stress induced phase transformations were observed during the tensile deformation of NC Fe,and such phase transformations were found to be reversible with respect to the applied stress.The maximum fraction of the cp atoms was also found to increase with increasing applied stress.Significant phase transformation occurred in the stacking fault zone due to dislocation activities for large grain size(13.54 nm),while significant phase transformation occurred in the GBs due to GB activities for small grain size(3.39 nm).At deformation temperature of 900 K and above,no apparent phase transformation occurred because all atoms at GBs and grain interior could easily rearrange their position by thermal activation to form local vacancies/disordered structures rather than ordered close packed(cp) structures.

New Rogue Wave Solutions of （1＋2）-Dimensional Non-Isospectral KP-II Equation

The generalized binary Darboux transformation for the （1 ＋2）-dimensional non-isospectral KP-H equation is presented. Moreover, as a direct application, the new rogue wave solutions for the （1＋2）-dimensional non-isospectral KP-II equation are constructed by the generalized binary Darboux transformation.