基于岩芯非弹性应变恢复量测定的深孔三维地应力测试方法(英文)

虽然存在各种地应力测试方法,但并没有一个比较完善的方法测量较大深度条件下主应力的大小和方向。所以,在以科学研究为目的的钻井工程中,最好能够结合钻孔法和岩芯法得到三维地应力的大小和方向。叙述一个新颖而且有效的岩芯地应力测试法——非弹性应变恢复量测定法的基本原理、实验技术和基本操作程序;并给出其在科学钻探工程中的一个具体应用实例。测试结果表明,非弹性应变恢复量测定法对于测试三维地应力的主方向和估测主应力的大小有较大的实用价值。特别是在某些较大深度钻井的条件下,如在应力释放法及水压致裂法都无法实施,或者需要一些其他测试方法来补充一些不足或来增添其测试结果的可信度的时候,此方法的应用价值更高。

非弹性应变恢复法三维地应力测量——汶川地震科学钻孔中的应用

随着地球动力学和深部能源开发利用等研究工作的不断深入,深部应力状态的研究越来越重要,但目前尚没有即经济又简便完善的深部三维地应力测量方法.基于岩芯的非弹性应变恢复法是近年来发展起来的深部三维应力测量方法.汶川5·12地震后,中国大陆首次将该方法应用于科学钻孔的地应力测量.本文详细介绍了这一方法现场测量岩芯非弹性恢复应变的基本流程,并对此法测量的岩芯首次开展了岩石非弹性应变恢复柔量的实验研究,将现场非弹性应变测量与室内非弹性应变恢复柔量实验相结合,确定汶川地震科学钻一号孔(WFSD-1)1173 m处最大主应力方向为NW64°,实测得到岩石的剪切与体积模式非弹性应变恢复柔量的比值为2.9,计算得到最大、中间和最小主应力分别为43,28和25 MPa.结合龙门山地区其他方法的地应力测量结果,表明龙门山断裂带从NE到SW现今最大主应力作用方向表现为由EW→NEE→NWW的变化规律,龙门山断裂带现今地应力作用方向的分段性特征与5·12汶川地震时龙门山断裂带西南段逆冲为主,东北段走滑为主的运动特点相吻合,研究结果对于认识汶川地震的动力学机制具有一定参考价值.

现浇梁板施工结构温度应力建模分析

目前现浇梁板施工结构温度应力模型在温度应力关系分析时使用不同标度的量纲,得到的伸长量与标准值差距较大,分析结果的准确性较低。针对该问题,对现浇梁板施工结构温度应力进行建模分析。根据梁板结构,分析其绝热温度效应,计算现浇梁板施工结构的差分温度场;采用等效龄期定义温度场产生的模量变化,控制温度与应力间的标度量纲,等效处理温度场引起的应变;计算温度变化引起的应变弹性量,构建形成温度应力数值模型。结果表明,所设计的应力建模分析方法得到的实际伸长量与标准值相差不超过5N,建模分析结果较准确。

Strength and deformation behaviors of cemented tailings backfill under triaxial compression

It is of great significance for safety reason to obtain the triaxial compressive properties of cemented tailings backfill(CTB).The influence of cement content,curing age and confining pressure on strength and deformation properties of CTB was examined and discussed.Results indicate that the triaxial compressive and deformation behavior of CTB is strongly affected by the cement content,curing age and confining pressure.The increase in cement content,curing age and confining pressure leads to a change in stress−strain behavior and an increase in the axial strain at failure and post-peak strength loss.The cohesion of CTB rises as the curing age and cement content increase.However,the enhancement in internal friction angle is trivial and negligible.It should be noted that the failure pattern of CTB samples in triaxial compression is mainly along a shear plane,the confining pressure restrains the lateral expansion and the bulging failure pattern is dominantly detected in CTB samples as curing age length and cement content increase.The results will help to better understand the triaxial mechanical and deformation behavior of CTB.

Numerical Derivation of Strain Rate Effects on Material Properties of Masonry with Solid Clay Bricks

In this paper, numerical method is used als. A typical unit of masonry is selected to serve merical model of RVE is established with detailed to study the strain rate effect on masonry materias a representative volume element （RVE）. Nudistinctive modeling of brick and mortar with their respective dynamic material properties obtained from laboratory tests. The behavior of brick and mortar are characterized by a dynamic damage model that accounts for rate-sensitive and pressuredependent properties of masonry materials. Dynamic loads of different loading rates are applied to RVE. The equivalent homogenized uniaxial compressive strength, threshold strain and elastic modulus in three directions of the masonry are derived from the simulated responses of the RVE. The strain rate effect on the masonry material with clay brick and mortar, such as the dynamic increase factor （DIF） of the ultimate strength and elastic modulus as a function of strain rate are derived from the numerical results.

Properties of failure mode and thermal damage for limestone at high temperature

The mechanical properties of limestone such as the stress-strain curve, the variable characteristics of peak strength and the modulus of elasticity of limestone were studied under the action of temperatures ranging from room temperature to 800 °C.Our results show that:1) the temperature has not clear effect on the mechanical properties of limestone from room temperature to 600 °C.However, the mechanical properties of limestone deteriorate rapidly when the temperature is above 600 °C.In this case, the peak stress and modulus of elasticity decrease rapidly.When the temperature reaches 800 °C, the entire process, showing the stress-strain curve is displayed indicating an obvious state of plastic-deformation;2) the failure mode of limestone shows the breakdown of tensile strength from room temperature to 600 °C, as well as the compress shearing damage over 600 °C;3) combining our test results with the concept of thermal damage, a thermal damage equation was derived.

Mechanical properties of cement mortar in sodium sulfate and sodium chloride solutions

To investigate the mechanical properties of cement mortar in sodium sulfate and sodium chloride solutions, uniaxial compression test and ultrasonic test were performed. Test results show that the relative dynamic elastic modulus, the mass variation,and the compressive strength of cement mortar increase first, and then decrease with increasing erosion time in sodium sulfate and sodium chloride solutions. The relative dynamic elastic moduli and the compressive strengths of cement mortars with water/cement ratios of 0.55 and 0.65 in sodium sulfate solution are lower than those in sodium chloride solution with the same concentration at the420 th day of immersion. The compressive strength of cement mortar with water/cement ratio of 0.65 is more sensitive to strain rate than that with water/cement ratio of 0.55. In addition, the strain-rate sensitivity of compressive strength of cement mortar will increase under attacks of sodium sulfate or sodium chloride solution.

An improved hypoplastic constitutive model of rockfill considering effect of stress path

An incrementally nonlinear hypoplastic constitutive model was introduced, which was developed without recourse to the concepts in elastoplasticity theory such as yield surface, plastic potential and the decomposition of the deformation into elastic and plastic parts. Triaxial drained tests on rockfill were conducted on a large scale triaxial apparatus under two types of stress paths, which were the stress paths of constant stress ratio and the complex stress paths with transitional features. Motivated by the effect of stress path, the Gudehus-Bauer hypoplastic model was improved by considering the parameter variations with different ratios of stress increment. Fitting parameter a presents a piecewise linear relationship with cosine of the slope angle θ determined by instantaneous stress path. The improved hypoplastic model can present peak stress increasing and volumetric strain changing from dilatancy to contractancy with the increase of transitional confining pressure σ3t and the decrease of slope angle θ of stress path. Compared with the test data, it is shown that the model is capable of fully considering the effect of stress path on rockfill.

基于非线性储能与释放特征的煤冲击倾向性指标

煤的冲击倾向性是煤矿冲击地压灾害发生与否及致灾程度的重要影响因素,冲击倾向性指煤积聚应变能并产生冲击破坏的性质,因此,峰值强度时刻弹性能量积累是冲击倾向性评价的关键。因煤富含结构缺陷,破坏过程和能量演化更加复杂,针对此种煤样峰值强度时刻弹性能量无法准确求得的难题,对标准煤样进行单轴循环加卸载试验,以获取煤样不同应力状态下弹性应变能积累量,发现弹性应变能积累与应力-应变曲线变化趋势一致,在峰值强度时刻达到最大值。能量输入、弹性能量积累及能量耗散随煤样受载变形呈非线性演化规律,但在任一时刻应力的平方与弹性能量积累表现出良好线性关系。基于此改进峰值强度时刻弹性能量积累量计算方法,更加准确获取试件峰值强度时刻弹性应变能积累量。进一步提出综合考量煤体强度、能量演化及破坏时间的有效弹性能释放速率指数KET评价煤的冲击倾向性,并结合现有指标给出冲击倾向性分类临界值。最后采用远场碎屑质量占比w及平均粒径da表征的煤样破碎程度验证评价结果合理性。研究结果表明:KET可有效解决现有各项指标评价结果离散性大且相互之间存在冲突的局限性;冲击倾向性KET评价结果与煤样破坏状态对比,发现KET与w及破碎程度正相关,与da负相关,评价结果更符合实际。

Effects of grain size on phase transition behavior of nanocrystalline shape memory alloys

We report recent advances in the experimental and theoretical study of grain size(GS)effects on the thermal and mechanical properties of nanostructured NiTi polycrystalline shape memory alloy(SMA).It is shown that when GS<60 nm,the superelastic stress-strain hysteresis loop area(H)of the polycrystal decreases rapidly with GS and tends to vanish as GS approaches 10 nanometers.At the same time,the temperature dependence of the transition stress also decreases with GS and eventually approaches zero,leading to a wide superelastic temperature window and breakdown of the Clausius-Claperyon relationship.Rate dependence of the stress-strain responses is significantly reduced and the cyclic stability of the material is improved by the nanocrystallization.It is proposed that the emergence of such significant changes in the behavior of the material with GS reduction originate from the large increase in the area-to-volume ratios of the nanometer-thick interfaces(grain boundary and Austenite-Martensite(A-M)interface)in the polycrystal.In particular,with GS reduction,interfacial energy terms will gradually become dominant over the bulk energy of the crystallite,eventually bring fundamental changes in the phase transition responses of the material.Modelling strategy leading to the establishment of quantitative relationships among GS,grain boundary,A-M interfaces and the macroscopic responses of the material are outlined.

Experimental investigation and numerical modeling for elastoplastic notch-root stress/strain analysis under monotonic loadings

Experimental investigation and numerical modeling on elasto-plastic notch-root stress/strain distributions under monotonic loadings of both the Ni-based directionally solidified(DS)superalloy and Titanium alloy were carried out simultaneously.For measuring inhomogeneous deformation fields at notch roots,an optical-numerical full-field surface deformation measurement system was developed based on the digital image correlation(DIC)method.The obtained strain distributions were then verified with reasonable accuracy by finite element simulation,where an anisotropic elastic-viscoplastic constitutive model was developed for DS superalloy and a simple isotropic stress-strain relationship was adopted for Titanium alloy.Meanwhile,factors affecting elasto-plastic notch-root stress/strain distributions were systematically investigated numerically,where the emphasis was placed on temperature,loading stress rate,sample shape,anisotropy and notch features.The results show that stress/strain behavior at notch root is significantly affected by the mentioned factors,which are concretely embodied in the distribution of tensile stress/strain,equivalent stress and accumulative equivalent plastic strain.