扫描电镜下页岩微观断裂原位观测与变形表征

为定量化获取页岩微观裂纹萌生、连接过程中的变形量,从而揭示页岩微观裂纹的变形、演化规律及破裂机理。本研究探索并对比了基于页岩表面天然斑点、表面光刻处理、表面金属纳米颗粒处理的微观DIC应变表征方法,研究了微观裂纹萌生、扩展中的变形演化过程。得出结论如下:(1)3种表面处理方法均可实现DIC变形表征,利用页岩表面天然斑点较为简单、方便,但无法在高放大倍数下进行变形表征;光刻处理相对廉价,对页岩物理力学性质不产生影响,但最小散斑尺寸为2μm,且光刻胶不随页岩的微小破裂而破裂,易遮挡微观裂纹;表面金属纳米颗粒处理所形成散斑较为精细、散斑尺寸可人为控制,DIC变形表征较为准确,但页岩需经过300℃处理,可能影响页岩物理力学性质。(2)非连续裂纹的萌生、连接是微观裂纹扩展的重要形式,非连续裂纹形成前存在非连续应变集中现象。非连续裂纹具有层级展布特征,这可能是微观裂纹曲折复杂的原因;(3)相互连接的非连续裂纹形成主裂纹,未与主裂纹连接的非连续裂纹由于应力释放而闭合,形成分支裂纹。本研究为页岩微观变形演化表征提供了新的技术手段与研究思路,同时也为微观裂纹扩展规律及非连续裂纹形成演化研究提供了试验证据。

连续球压痕法表征幂硬化金属材料拉伸性能的有限元模拟

应用ABAQUS软件,采用二维和三维建模方法对典型幂硬化金属材料6061铝合金的连续球压痕试验进行了模拟,得到了压痕载荷-深度曲线,并进行了压痕试验验证;基于压痕载荷-深度曲线计算得到不同方法下的拉伸性能参数,并与单轴拉伸试验结果进行对比,分析了试样厚度、相邻球压头距离等压痕试验参数对拉伸性能计算结果的影响。结果表明:采用三维建模方法得到的压痕载荷-深度曲线与球压痕试验得到的更吻合;由三维建模方法得到的表征应力、表征应变数据与拉伸试验得到的应力-应变曲线更吻合,抗拉强度和屈服强度计算值与试验值的相对误差均不超过1%,说明该方法能够准确地表征试验合金的拉伸性能;影响拉伸性能的临界试样厚度和临界相邻和压头距离均为压头半径的4倍。

Characterization of hot deformation behavior of Al-Zn-Mg-Mn-Zr alloy during compression at elevated temperature

The hot deformation behavior of Al-6.2Zn-0.70Mg-0.30Mn-0.17 Zr alloy and its microstructural evolution were investigated by isothermal compression test in the deformation temperature range between 623 and 773 K and the strain rate range between 0.01 and 20 s^(-1).The results show that the flow stress decreased with decreasing strain rate and increasing deformation temperature.At low deformation temperature(≤673 K) and high strain rate(≥1 s^(-1)),the main flow softening was caused by dynamic recovery;conversely,at higher deformation temperature and lower strain rate,the main flow softening was caused by dynamic recrystallization.Moreover,the slipping mechanism transformed from dislocation glide to grain boundary sliding with increasing the deformation temperature and decreasing the strain rate.According to TEM observation,numerous Al_3Zr particles precipitated in matrix,which could effectively inhibit the dynamic recrystallization of the alloy.Based on the processing map,the optimum processing conditions for experimental alloy were in deformation temperature range from 730 K to 773 K and strain rate range from 0.033 s^(-1) to 0.18 s^(-1) with the maximum efficiency of 39%.

Characterization and application of monoclonal antibodies against Shewanella marisflavi, a novel pathogen of Apostichopus japonicus

Shewanella marisflavi strain AP629 was certified as a novel pathogen of the sea cucumber Apostichopusjaponicus. In this study, four monoclonal antibodies （MAbs） （3C1, 3D9, 2F2, 2A8） against strain AP629 were developed by immunizing Balb/C mice. 3C1 and 3D9 recognized S. marisflavi only, showing no cross reactivity to other gram-negative bacteria, However, 2F2 and 2A8 showed cross reactivity to all tested bacteria. Indirect immunofluorescence, and immunogold electron microscopy, showed the binding antigens of 3C1 and 3D9 were located at the secretion on the surface of strain AP629. The binding antigens of 2F2 and 2A8 were noted on the membrane of the cells. MAbs 3C1 and 3D9 recognized the lipopolysaccharide fraction of strain AP629, and 2F2 and 2A8 recognized in western-blotting protein antigens with molecular weights of 113 and 128 kDa respectively. MAbs 3C1 and 3D9 have the potential for use in pathogen diagnosis, epidemiology and studies on the mechanism of how S. marisflavi infects A. japonicus. Imrnunohistochemistry with 3C1 or 3D9 identified strain AP629 in the body wall of infected A. japonicus. In the adult sea cucumbers that were infected via body wall injection, positive signals were observed at the site of skin ulceration, and at the connective tissue of the non-ulcerated body wall. In addition, some large blue-stained cells aggregated at the connective tissue colonized by large numbers of bacteria. In juveniles infected via immersion infection, positive signals were observed at the cuticle of the body wall only. Our results suggest that 3C1 and 3D9 could be used in various immunological assays to study the invasion mechanism of strain AP629 in A. japonicus, the law of bacterial colonization, proliferation in different tissues of A. japonicus, and correlation between secretion on the surface of strain AP629 and its pathogenesis to A. japonicus.

Microstructure evolution and its effect on flow stress of TC17 alloy during deformation in α+β two-phase region

The microstructure evolution and its effect on flow stress of TC17 alloy during deformation in the α+β two-phase region were investigated via microstructure characterization and isothermal compression tests. Results showed that the spheroidized rate of α phase at 820 and 850℃ slightly increased with increasing strain. With increasing deformation temperature, the spheroidized rate of α phase showed a slight increasing trend, but the volume fraction of α phase significantly decreased. The flow stress at 780 ℃ and 1 s^-1 decreased continuously and steady state condition was not achieved up to strain of 1.2 due to dislocation annihilation and α lamellae rotation. Under this condition, the dynamic spheroidization was retarded. At the deformation temperatures of 820 and 850℃, and a strain rate of 1 s^-1, a steady state flow stress was observed at strains above 0.8 due to the balance between work hardening and dynamic softening. The dynamic softening was attributed to the α lamellae rotation, dynamic recovery and a little spheroidization.

Characterization of a full-length infectious clone of bovine foamy virus 3026

The biological features of most foamy viruses(FVs) are poorly understood, including bovine foamy virus(BFV). BFV strain 3026(BFV3026) was isolated from the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of an infected cow in Zhangjiakou, China. A full-length genomic clone of BFV3026 was obtained from BFV3026-infected cells, and it exhibited more than 99% amino acid(AA) homology to another BFV strain isolated in the USA. Upon transfection into fetal canine thymus cells, the full-length BFV3026 clone produced viral structural and auxiliary proteins, typical cytopathic effects, and virus particles. These results demonstrate that the full-length BFV3026 clone is fully infectious and can be used in further BFV3026 research.

Characterization of Strain Pseudomonas sp. Q1 in Microbial Fuel Cell for Treatment of Quinoline-Contaminated Water

To find new strain in the microbial fuel cell (MFC) for quinoline removal from wastewater and soil, a facultative anaerobic bacterium strain was isolated from the anode of MFC, utilizing quinoline as the carbon source and electron donor. Based on the 16S rRNA sequence analysis, the bacterium strain was Gram-negative and identified as Pseudomonas sp. Q1 according to its morphology and physiochemical properties. The strain was inoculated into a double-chambered MFC using various quinoline concentrations (0, 50, 75, 86, 100, 150, 200 and 300 mg L-1 ) combining with 300 mg L-1 glucose as the fuel. Results showed that electricity was generated from the MFC, in which quinoline was degraded simultaneously. The values of Coulombic efficiency (CE) increased with the increase of quinoline concentrations from 0 to 100 mg L-1 then decreased with the increase of quinoline concentration from 100 to 300 mg L-1 , and the maximum CE 36.7% was obtained at the quinoline concentration of 100 mg L-1 . The cyclic voltammetry analysis suggested that the mechanism of electron transfer was through excreting mediators produced by the strain Q1. The MFC should be a potential method for the treatment of quinoline-contaminated water and soil.