吐蕃口头文学《麻雀故事》与应成式辩论初探

拉妥妥日聂赞以前,历代吐蕃赞布以"仲"(寓言故事)、"德吴"(逻辑推理)和"苯"(原始苯教)治理"天下",《贤者喜宴》中把《麻雀故事》作为"仲"的案例。应成式是指在辩论过程中,以对方所承认的论据证成其不承认的论点,是藏族辩论模式的重要标志,也是藏族量论与古印度、汉地和日本因明的一个分水岭。然而,《麻雀经》中出现的狗头雕与鹅之间的应成式辩论没有遵循后期应成式辩论规则。文章从多方位考察得出:(1)《麻雀经》中所讲述的一系列故事正是吐蕃早期王族与苯教势力间的较量、吐蕃中晚期佛教引入及佛苯之争等重大历史事件的一种文学折射;(2)《麻雀经》是吐蕃时期口头文学《麻雀故事》的一种文字记载版。因此,《麻雀经》中出现的应成式段子之所以与现代寺院应成式的论证方式不相符,则有另一种解读方式,即它是吐蕃时期本土出现的一种破除对方谬论的说理方式。

从颜色之辩探究藏传佛教辩经的论证形式

藏传佛教辩经是印度因明在藏区传播发展中逐渐被本土化所形成的一门独特学问。辩经过程中,反驳者在敌论者的根本观点中找出反例,以应成式发问,确立“因”与“周遍”关系,保证每一步推理的有效性。在具体的论证过程中采用归谬法,因此,论辩的关键就转换为如何寻找能被敌论者所接受的因,一旦找到这个“阿基米德支点”,就能使敌论者主动放弃原来的根本观点。至于敌论者则须以承许、因不成、不周遍和周遍相违四种方式来回答。这样的辩论方式能有效地排除矛盾,充分发挥参与者的理性,所以,藏传辩经的方式是一种很好的思维训练途径。

Imaging of liver cancer

Improvements in imaging technology allow exploitation of the dual blood supply of the liver to aid in the identif ication and characterisation of both malignant and benign liver lesions. Imaging techniques available include contrast enhanced ultrasound, computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. This review discusses the application of several imaging techniques in the diagnosis and staging of both hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma and outlines certain characteristics of benign liver lesions. The advantages of each imaging technique are highlighted, while underscoring the potential pitfalls and limitations of each imaging modality.

Role of(～(18)F)2-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography in upper gastrointestinal malignancies

The role of whole-body FDG [(～(18)F)2-fluoro-2-deoxy-glucose] positron emission tomography(PET)scan-ning as an imaging modality in the management of patients with malignancy has evolved enormously over the past two decades.FDG-PET has demonstrated signifi cant effi cacy in the staging,prognostication and detection of occult metastatic disease in malignancies of the gastrointestinal tract,in addition to assessment of the response to cytotoxic chemotherapy in a more timely manner than has traditionally been possible by more conventional imaging tools.The sensitivity and specif icity of FDG-PET for the detection and staging of malignancy depend not only on the site and size of the primary tumor and metastases,but also on histologi-cal cell type,reflecting underlying disparities in glucose metabolism.The metabolic response to neo-adjuvant chemotherapy or to chemo-radiotherapy in cancers of the gastro-esophageal junction or stomach has been demonstrated in several prospective studies to correlate signifi cantly with both the histological tumor response to treatment and with consequent improvements in overall survival.This may offer a future paradigm ofpersonalized treatment based on the PET response to chemotherapy.FDG-PET has been less successful in efforts to screen for and detect recurrent upper gastro-intestinal malignancies,and in the detection of low vol-ume metastatic peritoneal disease.Efforts to improve the accuracy of PET include the use of novel radiotrac-ers such as(～(18)F)FLT(3-deoxy-3-fluorothymidine)or 11C-choline,or fusion PET-CT with concurrent high-res-olution computed tomography.This review focuses on the role of FDG-PET scanning in staging and response assessment in malignancies of the upper gastrointesti-nal tract,specif ically gastric,esophageal and pancreas carcinoma.

A New Alpha-function for the Peng-Robinson Equation of State： Application to Natural Gas

Cubic equations of state(EOSs) are simple and easy at calculation. One way of improving the accuracy of a cubic EOS is through the modification of temperature-dependent energy parameter by using alpha-function.The industrial applications of natural gas are very wide and as a result, prediction of thermodynamic properties and phase behavior of natural gas is an important part of design for such processes. In this work we develop a newα-function for the Peng-Robinson(PR) EOS with the parameters optimized especially for natural gas components.The parameters are generalized as a linear function of acentric factor. The results are compared to the predictions from original PR EOS and other α-functions in literature. It is shown that the new α-function presents a good accuracy with the average deviation of 1.42% for natural gas components.

One-pot synthesis of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural from glucose over zirconium doped mesoporous KIT-6

Zirconium doped mesoporous KIT-6 samples with different Si/Zr ratios were synthesized by the direct hydrothermal method.Various characterization techniques confirm that highly distributed ZrO_2 nanoparticles and multicoordinated Zr^(4+) species are incorporated in the mesoporous composites.One-pot synthesis of 5-hydroxymethylfurfura(HMF) from glucose was examined in the presence of Zr-KIT-6(20) the molar ratio of Si to Zr is 20 under aqueous system.The effects of temperature,reaction time,catalyst dosage and biphasic solvent system on the conversion of glucose and the HMF yield were investigated.It was found that the glucose conversion and the HMF yield have been improved from 54.8% to 79.0% and from 19.5% to 34.5% in the biphasic MIBK-water system,respectively.Both the acidity of Zr-KIT-6(20) and the biphasic MIBK-water system are responsible for the improved performance of glucose dehydration to HMF.

Synthesis of Biodiesel Using ZrO_2 Polycrystalline Ceramic Foam Catalyst in a Tubular Reactor

With the help of the ceramic foam research efforts and preparation techniques, the ZrO2 polycrystalline ceramic foam catalyst was synthesized, and its characteristics, including the crystal structure, the phase composition, the acid–base properties, and the microstructure, were analyzed by XRD, SEM, Py-IR, and BET techniques. The performance of the ZrO2 polycrystalline ceramic foam catalyst in a tubular reactor was investigated via biodiesel synthesis using S. wilsoniana oil and methanol. The effects of reaction conditions(i.e., reaction temperature, reaction pressure, and volume ratio of methanol to S. wilsoniana oil) on transesterification efficiency were investigated, and the reaction conditions were optimized using RSM. The optimum reaction temperature, reaction pressure, and volume ratio of methanol to S. wilsoniana oil were determined to be 290 ℃, 10 MPa, and 4:1, respectively. Under this condition, the FAME content in the product oil reached 98.38%. The performance of the ZrO2 polycrystalline ceramic foam catalyst synthesized in this work for biodiesel synthesis from S. wilsoniana oil with a moisture content of 7.1% and an acid value of 130.697 mg KOH/g was examined, and the FAME content in the product oil was found to be 93% and 97.67%, respectively. The FAME content in the product oil exceeded 97% after five consecutive cycles(12 h per cycle of use) of the catalyst. The proposed catalyst represents a new type of solid catalyst with excellent acid resistance, water resistance, esterification efficiency, and catalytic stability.

Design of multimode interference optical switches with area modulation

Based on the self-imaging effect, multimode interference (MMI) optical switches with area modulation were proposed. The field transfer matrix was introduced to analyze the MMI switches. As an example, the phase modulation parameters of a 3 × 3 MMI switch for different switching cases were obtained by solving the field transfer equation. And the finite-difference beam propagation method (FD-BPM) was used to confirm the analytical results.

Enhanced recovery programme in colorectal surgery:Does one size fit all?

Enhanced recovery after surgery(ERAS) employs a multimodal perioperative care pathway with the aim of attenuating the stress response to surgery and accelerating recovery.It has been difficult to determine the relative importance of some of the individual components of these pathways such as epidural analgesia and laparoscopic colorectal surgery.Some argue that only a rigid adherence to the published ERAS protocol can achieve the proposed benefits of fast-track surgery.In this article,we explore some of the areas where the evidence base may be changing and ask whether a more flexible and individualised approach should be considered.

藏传辩经原则的形式化

本文运用形式化方法,对藏传因明中的辩经进行研究,给出了一套辩经原则的形式化。研究表明这一工作至少具有三个方面的意义:第一,以形式化研究辩经,将为我国因明学界提供一个新的研究方法和视角;第二,揭示了辩经的本质、特色在于它是剔除不一致、不自洽信念(或观念),破邪立正的有效途径;第三,揭示了辩经的价值,指出它既适用于宗教学领域,同样也适用于各门学科的学习,乃至生活、工作等各方面。

The application of the MOOCs postgraduate education in the army

MOOCs as a new kind ofordine teaching mode worldwide at breakneck speed. This paper analyzes the development and advantages of MOOCs, to draw lessons fi＇om the successful experience of the MOOCs, build conform to the demand of our colleges and universities graduate education MOOCs platforrr~ promote excellent education experts in the army,high-quality teaching resource sharing, to promote the teaching idea transformation,teaching content update and the teaching method reform, improve the quality of military high-level talent cultivation.

Study on flow mode of combined converter for methanol synthesis from coal-based syngas

The mathematic model of combined converter with two different flow modes of gas-cooled reactor was established. The effects of gas flow mode in gas-cooled reactor on combined converter was investigated with the yield of methanol was 1 400 kt/a. The results show that if the flow mode of the cooling pipe gas and the catalytic bed gas change from countercurrent to concurrent, the catalytic bed temperature distribution does not fit the most optimum temperature curve of reversible exothermic reaction and the heat duty of heat changer in whole process increased seriously, which means that there is much more equipment investment and more operating cost. The gas flow mode of gas-cooled reactor affects the methanol yield slightly. There- fore, the countercurrent gas flow mode of gas-cooled reactor is more lucrative in the combined converter process.

Scheduling of Household Power Consumption for Step and Time-of-Use Tariff System

This paper proposes a hybrid optimization to solve the scheduling of household power consumption for Step and Time-of-Use (TOU) tariff system. The target function is the cost of electricity, and the optimization object is total instantaneous power within a billing period. The control variables are starting moments of each household appliance. The optimization procedure is divided into two stages. Firstly, the prerequisite for minimal cost is calculated through mathematical analysis and generalized function theory. Secondly, the solution is obtained by using a heuristic algorithm in which the result of the first stage is considered to reduce the searching space. And an evaluation methodology is deduced to evaluate the optimization. The computer simulation demonstrates that the proposed approach can reduce the cost of electricity evidently in the sense of probability. The approach shows great value for embedded applications.

Antisense RNA: the new favorite in genetic research

Antisense RNA molecule represents a unique type of DNA transcript that comprises 19-23 nucleotides and is complementary to mRNA. Antisense RNAs play the crucial role in regulating gene expression at multiple levels, such as at replication, transcription, and translation. In addition, artificial antisense RNAs can effectively regulate the expression of related genes in host cells. With the development of antisense RNA, investigating the functions of antisense RNAs has emerged as a hot research field. This review summarizes our current understanding of antisense RNAs, particularly of the formation of antisense RNAs and their mechanism of regulating the expression of their target genes. In addition, we detail the effects and applications of antisense RNAs in antivirus and anticancer treatments and in regulating the expression of related genes in plants and microorganisms. This review is intended to highlight the key role of antisense RNA in genetic research and guide new investigators to the study of antisense RNAs.

Scoring the collective effects of SNPs: association of minor alleles with complex traits in model organisms

It has long been assumed that most parts of a genome and most genetic variations or SNPs are non-functional with regard to reproductive fitness.However,the collective effects of SNPs have yet to be examined by experimental science.We here developed a novel approach to examine the relationship between traits and the total amount of SNPs in panels of genetic reference populations.We identified the minor alleles(MAs)in each panel and the MA content(MAC)that each inbred strain carried for a set of SNPs with genotypes determined in these panels.MAC was nearly linearly linked to quantitative variations in numerous traits in model organisms,including life span,tumor susceptibility,learning and memory,sensitivity to alcohol and anti-psychotic drugs,and two correlated traits poor reproductive fitness and strong immunity.These results suggest that the collective effects of SNPs are functional and do affect reproductive fitness.

Operational Solution to the Nonlinear Klein-Gordon Equation

We obtain solutions of the nonlinear Klein-Gordon equation using a novel operational method combined with the Adomian polynomial expansion of nonlinear functions. Our operational method does not use any integral transforms nor integration processes. We illustrate the application of our method by solving several examples and present numerical results that show the accuracy of the truncated series approximations to the solutions.

Synthesis of photolabile dUTP analogues and their enzymatic incorporation for DNA labeling

Two new photolabile nucleotide analogues with furan-fused deoxyuridine were synthesized through Sonogashira coupling.Their enzymatic incorporation into DNA was evaluated with two DNA polymerases(Taq and Deep vent exo-)by polymerase chain reaction(PCR).Deep vent exo-recognized both nucleotides as substrates for primer extension,while Taq was much less proficient.Light irradiation of PCR products released the amino and carboxyl moieties of DNA.Further labeling with fluorescein isothiocyanate for a long DNA construct with F-dUnTP incorporation was successfully achieved.