苹果属植物的应用分型及其应用

综述了世界及中国苹果属植物的分布情况和分类概况,并有针对性地叙述了苹果属植物的应用分型情况,即砧木种类、食用种类、观赏种类和基因资源类,提出了各分型的部分代表植物及其在生产应用中存在的一些问题。特别根据我国苹果4大主产区的生态条件、产业基础和市场需求空间等内容,对应苹果属植物的应用分型特点,为今后各主产区的发展方向及产业结构调整提出了建议:2个苹果优势区域带应以鲜食苹果为主,加工为辅进行发展;另2个主产带应以发展加工、早熟及观赏类型苹果为主,并辅以进行基因资源类型的保存和利用工作。最后对苹果资源的保存及观赏苹果类型的发展提出了新的建议。

中药注射液在肿瘤中的应用探讨

在中医药现代化的推波助澜下,产生了一批临床应用广泛、疗效确切的肿瘤中药注射液制剂,在临床中发挥了重要作用。然而,由于品种较多,分类困难,许多未经中医基础理论培训的西医医师,甚至包括部分中医医师,临床上存在不科学、不规范使用肿瘤中药注射液的现象。本文力图介绍一个科学的简约的分型方法,以期探讨常用肿瘤中药注射液临床应用。

干眼病分型治疗90例

目的探讨根据干眼病患者不同的个体情况,给予个体化治疗的临床效果。方法将干眼病患者180眼随机分为两组,每组90眼,实验组采用个体化的治疗方法,对照组采用聚乙二醇滴眼液点眼,随诊1个月,随诊项目包括主观症状、裂隙灯显微镜检查、Schirmer I实验、泪膜破裂时间、荧光素染色等。结果实验组治疗有效87眼,对照组治疗有效61眼,有显著性差异(P<0.01)。结论采用个体化方案治疗干眼病,具有更佳的临床疗效。

Analytical solution to rock pressure acting on three shallow tunnels subjected to unsymmetrical loads

According to the interaction of three shallow tunnels with large section, the analytical solution to rock pressure has been derived and discussed. The load model is given when the bilateral tunnels are excavated. According to the model, the stresses of three tunnels and single tunnel are calculated and compared to analyze the distribution characteristics, where the stresses are influenced by controlling factors of clear distance, covering depth and inclination angle of ground surface. The results show that, in general, the bias distribution is more serious. Therefore, it is significant to settle down the load model of three shallow tunnels so as to determine the measure of reinforcement and design the structure of support. The model and results can be used as a theoretical basis in designation and further research of the three shallow tunnels.

Potassium Fractions in Soils as Affected by Monocalcium Phosphate,Ammonium Sulfate,and Potassium Chloride Application

Soil potassium （K） deficiency has been increasing over recent decades as a result of higher inputs of N and P fertilizers concomitant with lower inputs of K fertilizers in China; however, the effects of interactions between N, P, and K of fertilizers on K status in soils have not been thoroughly investigated for optimizing N, P, and K fertilizer use efficiency. The influence of ammonium sulfate （AS）, monocMcium phosphate （MCP）, and potassium chloride application on K fractions in three typical soils of China was evaluated during 90-d laboratory soil incubation. The presence of AS significantly altered the distribution of native and added K in soils, while addition of MCP did not significantly affected K equilibrium in most cases. Addition of AS significantly increased water-soluble K （WSK）, decreased exchangeable K （EK） in almost all the soils except the paddy soil that contained considerable amounts of 2：1 type clay minerals with K added, retarded the formation of fixed K in the soils with K added, and suppressed the release of fixed K in the three soils without K added. These interactions might be expected to influence the K availability to plants when the soil was fertilized with AS. To improve K fertilizer use efficiency, whether combined application of AS and K was to be recommended or avoided should depend on K status of the soil, soil properties, and cropping systems.

CFD Simulation and Experimental Validation of Fluid Flow in Pre-distributor

Liquid distributor is a very import intemal for distillation columns. Pre-distributor is usually set on the top of distributor for initial distribution. Fluid flow in pre-distributor is a complex system of variable mass flow with many orifices and sub-branches. Consequently, the two phase modeling of pre-distributors was carried out andthe homogeneous model with free surface model was applied. The numerical method was validated by comparing with experimental data. Using the simulated results for different pre-distributors, the impacts of inflow rate, location and orientation uoon the outflow distribution were investigated. Furthermore, influences of the outflow distribution for pre-distributor on liquid uniformity in trough were also analyzed, The conclusions can De aaoptea for me structural design of liquid distributor and pre-distributor of large scale.

Hierarchical Semantic-Category-Tree Model for Chinese-English Machine Translation

We introduce a novel Sermntic-Category- Tree （SCT） model to present the sen-antic structure of a sentence for Chinese-English Machine Translation （MT）. We use the SCT model to handle the reordering in a hierarchical structure in which one reordering is dependent on the others. Different from other reordering approaches, we handle the reordering at three levels： sentence level, chunk level, and word level. The chunk-level reordering is dependent on the sentence-level reordering, and the word-level reordering is dependent on the chunk-level reordering. In this paper, we formally describe the SCT model and discuss the translation strategy based on the SCT model. Further, we present an algorithm for analyzing the source language in SCT and transforming the source SCT into the target SCT. We apply the SCT model to a role-based patent text MT to evaluate the ability of the SCT model. The experimental results show that SCT is efficient in handling the hierarehical reordering operation in MT.

Application of Pareto Distribution in Wage Models

This paper deals with the use of Pareto distribution in models of wage distribution. Pareto distribution cannot generally be used as a model of the whole wage distribution, but only as a model for the distribution of higher or of the highest wages. It is usually about wages higher than the median. The parameter b is called the Pareto coefficient and it is often used as a characteristic of differentiation of fifty percent of the highest wages. Pareto distribution is so much the more applicable model of a specific wage distribution, the more specific differentiation of fifty percent of the highest wages will resemble to differentiation that is expected by Pareto distribution. Pareto distribution assumes a differentiation of wages, in which the following ratios are the same： ratio of the upper quartile to the median; ratio of the eighth decile to the sixth decile; ratio of the ninth decile to the eighth decile. This finding may serve as one of the empirical criterions for assessing, whether Pareto distribution is a suitable or less suitable model of a particular wage distribution. If we find only small differences between the ratios of these quantiles in a specific wage distribution, Pareto distribution is a good model of a specific wage distribution. Approximation of a specific wage distribution by Pareto distribution will be less suitable or even unsuitable when more expressive differences of mentioned ratios. If we choose Pareto distribution as a model of a specific wage distribution, we must reckon with the fact that the model is always only an approximation. It will describe only approximately the actual wage distribution and the relationships in the model will only partially reflect the relationships in a specific wage distribution.

Application of Developed Grid-GA Distributed Hydrologic Model in Semi-Humid and Semi-Arid Basin

A grid and Green-Ampt based （Grid-GA）distributed hydrologic physical model was developed for flood simulation and forecasting in semi-humid and semi-arid basin. Based on topographical information of each grid cell extracted fi＇om the digital elevation model （DEM） and Green-Ampt infiltration method, the Grid-GA model takes into consideration the redistribution of water content, and consists of vegetation and root interception, evapotranspiration, runoff generation via the excess infiltration mechanism, runoff concentration, and flow routing. The downslope redis- tribution of soil moisture is explicitly calculated on a grid basis, and water exchange among grids within runoff routing along the river drainage networks is taken into consideration. The proposed model and Xin＇anjiang model were ap- plied to the upper Lushi basin in the Luohe River, a tributary of the Yellow River, with an area of 4 716 km2 for flood simulation. Results show that both models perform well in flood simulation and can be used for flood forecasting in semi-humid and semi-arid region.

Application of the Moving Averaging Technique in Surplus Production Models

Surplus production models are the simplest analytical methods effective for fish stock assessment and fisheries management. In this paper, eight surplus production estimators(three estimation procedures) were tested on Schaefer and Fox type simulated data in three simulated fisheries(declining, well-managed, and restoring fisheries) at two white noise levels. Monte Carlo simulation was conducted to verify the utility of moving averaging(MA), which was an important technique for reducing the effect of noise in data in these models. The relative estimation error(REE) of maximum sustainable yield(MSY) was used as an indicator for the analysis, and one-way ANOVA was applied to test the significance of the REE calculated at four levels of MA. Simulation results suggested that increasing the value of MA could significantly improve the performance of the surplus production model(low REE) in all cases when the white noise level was low(coefficient of variation(CV) = 0.02). However, when the white noise level increased(CV= 0.25), adding the value of MA could still significantly enhance the performance of most models. Our results indicated that the best model performance occurred frequently when MA was equal to 3; however, some exceptions were observed when MA was higher.

Particle swarm optimization and its application to seismic inversion of igneous rocks

In order to improve the fine structure inversion ability of igneous rocks for the exploration of underlying strata, based on particle swarm optimization(PSO), we have developed a method for seismic wave impedance inversion. Through numerical simulation, we tested the effects of different algorithm parameters and different model parameterization methods on PSO wave impedance inversion, and analyzed the characteristics of PSO method. Under the conclusions drawn from numerical simulation, we propose the scheme of combining a cross-moving strategy based on a divided block model and high-frequency filtering technology for PSO inversion. By analyzing the inversion results of a wedge model of a pitchout coal seam and a coal coking model with igneous rock intrusion, we discuss the vertical and horizontal resolution, stability and reliability of PSO inversion. Based on the actual seismic and logging data from an igneous area, by taking a seismic profile through wells as an example, we discuss the characteristics of three inversion methods, including model-based wave impedance inversion, multi-attribute seismic inversion based on probabilistic neural network(PNN) and wave impedance inversion based on PSO.And we draw the conclusion that the inversion based on PSO method has a better result for this igneous area.

Application of a fuzzy analytical hierarchy process to the prediction of vibration during rock sawing

A new predictive model for evaluating the vibration of a sawing machine was developed using a new rock classification system. The predictors are machine parameters and a rock sawability index. The new rock classification system includes four major parameters of the rock： uniaxial compressive strength, abrasiv- ity index, mean MoWs hardness, and Young＇s modulus. The FAHP approach was used when determining the weights of these parameters by six decision makers. Two groups of carbonate rocks were sawn using a fully-instrumented laboratory sawing rig at different feed rates and depths of cut. During the sawing trials system vibration was monitored as a measure of saw performance. Then, a new statistical model was obtained by multiple regression on the machining parameters and the rock sawability index. The model is very useful for the evaluation of the system vibration, and for selecting suitable machining parameters, from a limited set of mechanical properties.

DNA Imitation Model： Theory and Application

In this article there is an aim to build a realistic electronic model of this amazing molecule, this perhaps will be the basis for constructing of molecular computers. DNA molecule making the complexes with histones and other proteines, their electrostatic interaction cause the electrical polarisation and charges formation on this macromolecule, via charges DNA behavoirs are differentiated In this study analysis of signal is setting out by EWB PC simulation program and oscilloscope devices.

Advanced User-Based Interaction Model in Cloud

With the increasing popularity of cloud computing, there is an increased de mand for cloud resources in cloud. It has be come even more urgent to find solutions to improve resource utilization. From the per spective of a cloud consumer, a cloud applica tion processes a large information flow in volving user actions that access resources, but little work has so far been devoted to research from the perspective of the interaction be tween the user and the cloud application. In this paper, we analyze the interaction in detail, and propose a general mathematical interac tion model to formulate the challenge pertain ing to storage resource allocation as an opti mization problem, focusing on minimizing both the user＇s cost and server＇s consumption. A potential response mechanism is then de signed based on the interaction model. Fur thermore, the proposed model is used to ex plore strategies when multiple users access the same file simultaneously. Additionally, an improved queuing system, namely M/ G~ oo queue with standby, is introduced. Finally, an evaluation is presented to verify the interac- tion model.

Bayesian discriminant analysis for prediction of coal and gas outbursts and application

Based on the principle of Bayesian discriminant analysis, we established a model of Bayesian discriminant analysis for predicting coal and gas outbursts. We selected five major indices which affect outbursts, i.e., initial speed of methane diffusion, a consistent coal coefficient, gas pressure, destructive style of coal and mining depth, as discriminating factors of the model. In our model, we divided the type of coal and gas outbursts into four grades regarded as four normal populations. We then obtained the corresponding discriminant functions through training a set of data from engineering examples as learning samples and evaluated their criteria by a back substitution method to verify the optimal properties of the model. Finally, we applied the model to the prediction of coal and gas outbursts in the Yunnan Enhong Mine. Our results coincided completely with the actual situation. These results show that a model of Bayesian discriminant analysis has excellent recognition performance, high prediction accuracy and a low error rate and is an effective method to predict coal and gas outbursts.

Synoptic Typing and Its Application for Evaluating Climatic Impact on Air Quality in Urumqi

An automated procedure employing principal-component analysis and a two-stage cluster analysis was developed to classify the synoptic meteorological conditions prevailing over Urumqi, one of the most heavily polluted cities in the world. Six clusters representing different circulation patterns and air-mass characteristics were classified using surface- and upper-meteorological variables during the heating period from 2001 to 2008, and the relationships between synoptic clusters and air quality were evaluated. The heaviest air-pollution episodes occurred when Urumqi was in either an extremely cold, strong anticyclone or at the front of a migrating cyclone, both with light winds, wet surface air, and relatively dry upper air. Moderate pollution was seen when Urumqi was in the pre-cold/cold frontal passages with lower temperatures and light winds or moderate anticyclone with relatively warmer, drier air. When Urumqi was at the front of a migrating anticyclone or in a weak anticyclone with moderate winds and most warm, dry air, or in the cold/post-cold frontal passages with relatively strongly northerly airflows and precipitation, relatively good air quality could be seen. These results suggest that air pollution in Urumqi is very closely related to the synoptic meteorological conditions, which provides an important basis for not only the prediction and control of urban air-quality problems here but also for the analysis of the differential impacts of weather and pollution on human morbidity.

Application of differential equations in mathematical modeling

This paper introduces the main methods and steps of modeling principle by ordinary differential equations, and is used to explore the differential equation model to solve some practical problems, some features of the related problems. With the development of science and technology and production practice, differential equation is more closely connected with other subjects, and a mathematical model for some practical problems of good.

Application of Matter-element Model in Soil Nutrient Evaluation of Ecological Fragile Region

On the basis of the soil environment investigation in Da＇an City, Jilin Province, China, 40 soil samples from main land use types were obtained and tested by standard method. Soil organic matter （SOM）, total N （TN）, total P （TP）, total K （TK）, available N （AN）, available P （AP） and available K （AK） were chosen as the evaluation factors. A regional soil nutrient evaluation model was developed based on the matter-element model. The results show that the soil samples with nutrient grade Ⅱ-Ⅴ respectively account for 10%, 30%, 32.5% and 27.5%, and those with grade Ⅳ and Ⅴ account for 60% in all samples. The relationship between soil nutrients and land types indicates that the nutrients of farmland are relatively good, with 41.7% of soil samples with the nutrient grade Ⅳ and Ⅴ. The nutrients of saline-alkali land and sandy land are the worst, with 100% of soil samples with the nutrient grade IV and V. And the ratios of soil samples grade IV and V in grassland and wasteland are respectively 62.5 % and 54.55%. Generally speaking, the soil nutrients status in Da＇an City is poor, 60% of soil samples are in poor and extremely poor conditions, indicating that the soil has been severely eroded. Being a relatively superior evaluation method with more accurate resuits and spatial distribution consistency, matter-element analysis is more suitable for regional soil nutrient evaluation than previous models.

The Saturation Model and Its Application on Partition Equilibria for Main Types of Heterogeneous Systems

Within the model, a definition of novel saturation and dilution degree is presented. A novel expression of equilibrium constant is derived by including interactions between components to reversible processes running between the components particles under a dynamic equilibrium. For partition equilibria, three types of basic processes are proposed and corresponding partition isotherms were derived. The isotherms are applied to the components partition between two phases for main heterogenous systems types. For construction and prediction ternary phase diagrams, a new method, the Component Binding by Saturation Model （CBSM） method, is proposed. Applying the partition isotherms derived, new extraction, evaporation and adsorption isotherms are expressed. Directly, or after an approximation, from the new adsorption isotherms, well-known adsorption isotherms are obtained.

A Double Shot Noise Process and Its Application in Insurance

The authors consider a compound Cox model of insurance risk with the additional economic assumption of a positive interest rate. As the authors note a duality result relating a compound Cox model of insurance risk with a positive interest rate and a double shot noise process, the authors analyze a double shot noise process systematically for its theoretical distributional properties, based on the piecewise deterministic Markov process theory, and the martingale methodology. The authors also obtain the moments of aggregate accumulated/discounted claims where the claim arrival process follows a Cox process with shot noise intensity. Removing the parameters in a double shot noise process gradually, the authors show that it becomes a compound Cox process with shot noise intensity, a single shot noise process and a compound Poisson process. Numerical comparisons are shown between the moments （i.e. means and variances） of a compound Poisson model and their counterparts of a compound Cox model with/without considering a positive interest rate. For that purpose, the authors assume that claim sizes and primary event sizes follow an exponential distribution, respectively.