住院患者对静脉留置针的应用态度

目的了解住院患者对静脉留置针的应用态度及其影响因素，为提高静脉留置针的应用效果提供实证依据。方法采用自行设计的问卷对56例应用静脉留置针的住院患者进行调查。结果94．6％患者能够接受静脉留置针；患者认为静脉留置针的主要优点是减少多次穿刺疼痛（占80．4％），缺点是携带不方便（占37．5％）；仅10．7％～58．9％患者了解留置针维护知识。结论住院患者对静脉留置针的接受程度较高，但维护知识缺乏，护理人员需提高穿刺技术，做好维护工作，并加强对患者相关知识教育，以提高静脉留置针应用质量。

大学生中抗菌药物认知、使用习惯和应用态度的调查

抗菌药物的滥用会造成严重的后果,教育的缺失和新型抗菌药物研发的日益困难与产生多种耐药菌密切相关,给临床用药带来巨大的风险。合理使用抗菌药物是一项长期的任务,应该使监管成为常态,培训医生的职业自律性,使其不断提高业务水平,同时加强大众科普工作,提高大众合理用药及安全用药的意识,丰富居民知识储备,保证临床用药安全、有效、经济。通过问卷形式调查在校大学生对抗菌药物的认知、使用习惯和态度等,为药理学授课提供指导。

内科不同学历护士对PDA核对功能使用态度调查分析

目的:为了解临床不同学历护理人员对PDA核对功能的应用态度,找出在工作中存在的问题。方法:采用自行设计问卷,对内科137名护士进行问卷调查。结果:92.8%的本科学历护士,85.2%的大专学历护士认为使用PDA进行患者身份识别可以更有效的减少患者身份识别错误:90.4%本科学历护士,76.8%的大专学历护士认为使用PDA进行处置前核对可以更有效地减少给药差错的发生。结论:本科学历的护士在PDA应用态度方面要高于专科学历的护士。

我国公允价值应用现状浅析

2006年2月15日,财政部发布了新的《企业会计准则》,其中十八项准则在计量中涉及到公允价值,预示着我国开始重视公允价值的应用。本文以公允价值在国内的运用现状为研究对象,针对现公允价值实施阶段凸显的问题及监管者和政策制定者如何做到有效的执行新准则,并发挥其效用等方面作了探究。

New Simple Method of Calculation of Statically Indeterminate Trusses

The paper presents a very simple method, which in two stages enables to calculate the plane statically indeterminate truss by the application of one of methods used for the force calculation in members of the statically determinate trusses. The results are obtained in a very simple and quick way. Although the force values are approximated but they are relatively very close to those, which are determined by the exact methods. The point of the two-stage calculation process of the statically indeterminate trusses is to determine schemes of two independent and simple statically determined trusses, which after superposition of their patterns will give in the result a pattern of the initial, more complex form of the statically indeterminate truss. Each of the simple truss has to be of the same clear span and the load forces have to be of the half values and they have to be applied to the same nodes like in truss of the initial structural configuration.

The Application of Ecosystem Dynamic Model in Xiamen Bay

This paper is to establish a nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients cycle-based numerical model of ecological dynamics for Xiamen Bay on the basis of the existing three-dimensional barocline hydrodynamic model. The calculation results show that the estuarine district of Jiulongjiang estuary has the highest inorganic nitrogen concentration followed by the West Harbor, which demonstrates that Jiulongjiang River is the main input source of inorganic nitrogen in Xiamen Bay. The West Harbor has relatively high concentration of nutrients caused by the huge land pollution emission and its own poor water exchange capacity; while the distribution rules of phytoplankton biomass correspond with those of phosphates, demonstrating Xiamen Bay＇s phytoplankton controlled by phosphorus; the haloplankton biomass differs slightly, presenting the gradual reduction from the interior part to the exterior part of the bay.

Dynamic analysis of elastic screen surface with multiple attached substructures and experimental validation

A feasible method to improve the reliability and processing efficiency of large vibrating screen via the application of an elastic screen surface with multiple attached substructures （ESSMAS） was proposed. In the ESSMAS, every screen rod, with ends embedded into elastomer, is coupled to the main screen structure in a relatively flexible manner. The theoretical analysis was conducted, which consists of establishing dynamic model promoted from the fuzzy structure theory as well as calculating for the equivalent stiffness of each attached structure. According to the numerical simulation using the NEWMARK-fl integration method, this assembling pattern significantly leads to the screen surface/rod having larger vibration intensity than that of the corresponding position on screen structure, which specifically, with an averaged acceleration amplitude increasing ratio of 11.37% in theoretical analysis and 20.27% in experimental test. The experimental results, within a tolerant error, also confirm the established model and demonstrate the feasibility of ESSMAS.

Interaction of a circular cavity and a beeline crack in right-angle plane impacted by SH-wave

The problem of scattering of SH-wave by a circular cavity and an arbitrary beeline crack in right-angle plane was investigated using the methods of Green's function,complex variables and muti-polar coordinates.Firstly,we constructed a suitable Green's function,which is an essential solution to the displacement field for the elastic right-angle plane possessing a circular cavity while bearing out-of-plane harmonic line source load at arbitrary point.Secondly,based on the method of crack-division,integration for solution was established,then expressions of displacement and stress were obtained while crack and circular cavities were both in existence.Finally,the dynamic stress concentration factor around the circular cavity and the dynamic stress intensity factor at crack tip were discussed to the cases of different parameters in numerical examples.Calculation results show that the crack produces adverse engineering influence on both of the dynamic stress concentration factor and the dynamic stress intensity factor.

Concentration and Chemical Speciation of Heavy Metals in Sludge and Removal of Metals by Bio-surfactants Application

The concentration and chemical speciation of heavy metals including REEs （rare earth elements）, Th （thorium） and U （uranium） in domestic sludge and electroplating sludge were investigated, and those of the domestic sludge were compared with those of natural soil. Removal of heavy metals in electroplating sludge was studied with bio-surfactants （saponin and sophorolipid） by batch and column experiments. The results suggested that heavy metals have greater concentrations and exist as more relatively unstable fraction in sludge than those in Natural soil. Nonionic saponin is more efficient than sophorolipid for the removal of heavy metals from the electroplating sludge, and mainly reacts with carbonate state （i.e., F3） and Fe-Mn oxide state （i.e., F5） fractions. The recovery efficiency of heavy metals in leachates from the electroplate sludge was attained 88%-97%. Saponin can be reused and be a promising and cost-effective material for the removal of heavy metals in sludge.

Dynamic Crack Propagation Analysis Using Scaled Boundary Finite Element Method

The prediction of dynamic crack propagation in brittle materials is still an important issue in many engineering fields. The remeshing technique based on scaled boundary finite element method(SBFEM) is extended to predict the dynamic crack propagation in brittle materials. The structure is firstly divided into a number of superelements, only the boundaries of which need to be discretized with line elements. In the SBFEM formulation, the stiffness and mass matrices of the super-elements can be coupled seamlessly with standard finite elements, thus the advantages of versatility and flexibility of the FEM are well maintained. The transient response of the structure can be calculated directly in the time domain using a standard time-integration scheme. Then the dynamic stress intensity factor(DSIF) during crack propagation can be solved analytically due to the semi-analytical nature of SBFEM. Only the fine mesh discretization for the crack-tip super-element is needed to ensure the required accuracy for the determination of stress intensity factor(SIF). According to the predicted crack-tip position, a simple remeshing algorithm with the minimum mesh changes is suggested to simulate the dynamic crack propagation. Numerical examples indicate that the proposed method can be effectively used to deal with the dynamic crack propagation in a finite sized rectangular plate including a central crack. Comparison is made with the results available in the literature, which shows good agreement between each other.

A statistical dynamics model of the marine ecosystem and its application in Jiaozhou Bay

Models of marine ecosystem dynamics play an important role in revealing the evolution mechanisms of marine ecosystems and in forecasting their future changes. Most traditional ecological dynamics models are established based on basic physical and biological laws, and have obvious dynamic characteristics and ecological significance. However, they are not flexible enough for the variability of environment conditions and ecological processes found in offshore marine areas, where it is often difficult to obtain parameters for the model, and the precision of the model is often low. In this paper, a new modeling method is introduced, which aims to establish an evolution model of marine ecosystems by coupling statistics with differential dynamics. Firstly, we outline the basic concept and method of inverse modeling of marine ecosystems. Then we set up a statistical dynamics model of marine ecosystems evolution according to annual ecological observation data from Jiaozhou Bay. This was done under the forcing conditions of sea surface temperature and surface irradiance and considering the state variables of phytoplankton, zooplankton and nutrients. This model is dynamic, makes the best of field observation data, and the average predicted precision can reach 90% or higher. A simpler model can be easily obtained through eliminating the terms with smaller contributions according to the weight coefficients of model differential items. The method proposed in this paper avoids the difficulties of obtaining and optimizing parameters, which exist in traditional research, and it provides a new path for research of marine ecological dynamics.

Nonlinear hierarchy-structured predictive control design for a generic hypersonic vehicle

A hierarchy-structured predictive controller is designed and analyzed for rotation motion dynamics of a generic hypersonic vehicle(GHV).This vehicle model has fast variability,is highly nonlinear,and includes uncertain parameters.The controller contains two subsystems,the inner-fast-loop nonlinear generable predictive controller(NGPC)and the outer-slow-loop NGPC,both of which are designed by the closed-form optimal generable predictive control method.Thus,the heavy on-line computational burden in the classical predictive control method is avoided.The hierarchy structure of the control system decreases the relative degree of each subsystem and helps increase the dynamic response speed of the attitude controller.In order to improve the robustness of the control system,a feedback correction algorithm is proposed that corrects the calculation error between the predictive model and the real dynamic model.Simulation studies are conducted for the trimmed cruise conditions of an altitude of 33.5 km and Mach 15 to investigate the responses of the vehicle to the step commands of angle of attack,sideslip angle,and bank angle.The simulation studies demonstrate that the proposed controller is robust with respect to the parametric uncertainties and atmospheric disturbance,and meets the performance requirements of GHV with acceptable control inputs.