Models of the evolution of learning often assume that learning leads to the best solution to any task, and disregard the details of the learning and decision-making process along with its potential pitfalls. These mod...Models of the evolution of learning often assume that learning leads to the best solution to any task, and disregard the details of the learning and decision-making process along with its potential pitfalls. These models therefore do not explain in- stances in the animal behavior literature in which learning leads to maladaptive behaviors. In recent years a growing number of theoretical studies use explicit models of learning mechanisms, offering a fresh perspective on the issue by revealing the dynam- ics of information acquisition and biases arising from it. These models have pointed out possible learning rules and their adaptive value, and shown that the value of learning may crucially depend on such factors as the layout of the physical environment to be learned, the structure of the payoffs offered by different alternatives, the risk of failure, characteristics of the learner and social interactions. This review considers the merits of explicit modeling in studying the evolution of learning, describes the kinds of results that can only be obtained from this modeling approach, and outlines directions for future research .展开更多
Hierarchical structures, in which structure is generated and controlled simultaneously at different size scales, have attracted increasing attention due to their potentials in both theoretical research and practical a...Hierarchical structures, in which structure is generated and controlled simultaneously at different size scales, have attracted increasing attention due to their potentials in both theoretical research and practical applications. In this review, a "non-classical crystallization" mechanism is discussed for their possibilities in morphology control of hierarchically-structured materials. Differently, this crystallization route is not based on the attaching and detaching of monomers as happened in the classical case, but through the self-organization of preformed building blocks as nanosized subunits, whose oriented attachment leads to mesocrystals with favorable morphology and texture. Representative materials including both inorganic and organic crystals are reported with possible mechanisms proposed. Synthetic protocols based on this mechanism provide unique inspirations for materials design and could be applied to morphological and structural control of new materials with optimized functions.展开更多
文摘Models of the evolution of learning often assume that learning leads to the best solution to any task, and disregard the details of the learning and decision-making process along with its potential pitfalls. These models therefore do not explain in- stances in the animal behavior literature in which learning leads to maladaptive behaviors. In recent years a growing number of theoretical studies use explicit models of learning mechanisms, offering a fresh perspective on the issue by revealing the dynam- ics of information acquisition and biases arising from it. These models have pointed out possible learning rules and their adaptive value, and shown that the value of learning may crucially depend on such factors as the layout of the physical environment to be learned, the structure of the payoffs offered by different alternatives, the risk of failure, characteristics of the learner and social interactions. This review considers the merits of explicit modeling in studying the evolution of learning, describes the kinds of results that can only be obtained from this modeling approach, and outlines directions for future research .
文摘Hierarchical structures, in which structure is generated and controlled simultaneously at different size scales, have attracted increasing attention due to their potentials in both theoretical research and practical applications. In this review, a "non-classical crystallization" mechanism is discussed for their possibilities in morphology control of hierarchically-structured materials. Differently, this crystallization route is not based on the attaching and detaching of monomers as happened in the classical case, but through the self-organization of preformed building blocks as nanosized subunits, whose oriented attachment leads to mesocrystals with favorable morphology and texture. Representative materials including both inorganic and organic crystals are reported with possible mechanisms proposed. Synthetic protocols based on this mechanism provide unique inspirations for materials design and could be applied to morphological and structural control of new materials with optimized functions.
