美国建国者的“知识政治学”

美国建国者身处“理性主义”高涨的时代,深信知识和信息的广泛传播不仅使美国政体区别于欧洲的专制统治,而且对于共和国的命运有着至为关键的意义。他们致力于为政治辩论、公共决策和公民生活构建智性基础,不仅在自己的政治生涯中善于调动和运用多种知识资源,而且重视公共图书馆的建设,主张发展公共教育,以培育有知识、有信息的公民,推动美国的共和实验走向成功。他们关于知识的公共属性和政治功用的认识,不仅与“启蒙”时代的思想风气若合符节,而且提升了“启蒙”的意义。

美国早期国家构建中的州权观及其意义

美国建国初期,州权问题是建国者们不得不面对的一个难题。他们在探讨州与联盟关系的过程中,对州权持有不同的界定和评价,这既反映了他们之间不同的政治信念,也折射出现实利益的重大分歧。他们基于各自的州权观,形成了多种国家理念。这些理念的竞争和交锋推动了美国早期的国家构建,实现了从邦联制向联邦制的转变,并最终建立了各州与联邦实行分权的可行而有效的国家政治制度。

Analysis of top Chinese contractors' developmental tracks and evaluation of their strategic selection of international construction markets

The past decade has witnessed a rapid development of the international construction market. This research aims to investigate top Chinese contractors' developmental tracks and evaluate their strategic selection of international construction markets over the period from 2001 to 2006,based on the modified Boston Consulting Group Matrix (BCG). Results from 2001 to 2005 indicate that Asia and Africa,which were "question marks" markets for top Chinese contractors (abbreviated as TCCs),have the most potential to become "stars" markets; other question marks markets such as the Middle East and Europe are found not to be of potential; "dogs" markets such as the U.S.,Canada and Latin America should be relinquished progressively unless there is renewed growth opportunity over the next two years. Compared to developmental tracks of top contractors from some advanced countries,TCCs' investment and development strategy in Africa seems to be sustainable and intensive; TCCs' exit strategy for the Middle East appears determined and swift,while their strategy in Asia seems to be lacking in persistence. Furthermore,the data of 2006 indicates that TCCs improve their performance in Asia and Africa,and Africa has become a "stars" market for TCCs.This research sheds important lights and insights into the prevailing process of internationalization of TCCs and provides a strategic direction for their selection of international construction market. What is more,this research is also valuable to other Chinese contractors who are seeking the opportunity to enter the international construction markets.

IPA Analysis of First-time Tourists＇ Perceptions on the Image of the Tourist Destination Take Hainan International Tourism Islands for Example

Nowadays, the image construction of Hainan International Tourism Islands has been vigorously promoted. The research is going to make an empirical analysis of Hainan tourism image, adopting IPA analysis method. Generally speaking, there is a big gap between the Hainan tourist destination and tourists＇ expectations. The Hainan Tourist Destination image is mainly built on natural-advantage-resource projects such as natural sceneries, air quality, and climate, etc., meanwhile, the relatively insufficient constructions of soft-wares such as tourism-related facilities, as well as the quality of tourism services, etc., are the focus of future efforts.

汉密尔顿的联邦制理念与美国早期的国家构建

自《邦联条例》制定和实施初期,亚历山大.汉密尔顿就对邦联制持批评的态度,力主加强邦联国会的权力和效能,以建立一个稳定的邦联。及至联邦制宪时期,他强烈抨击邦联制,大力倡导建立一个废除各州的国家性政府。在这种理念不为多数美国建国者所认同的情况下,他不得不进行调整,为1787年费城制宪会议设计的新联邦制进行诠释和辩护,并在联邦政府正式运作后,对联邦宪法作了有利于联邦政府权力的解释,以塑造新国家。汉密尔顿与其他建国者不同联邦制理念之间的交锋,实为不同建国理念之间的竞争和博弈,这推动美利坚构建了一个可行而有效的联邦制国家。

关于“美国例外论”的历史反思

从历史的视角来看,作为一种“社会事实”的“美国例外论”,并非“山巅之城”“上帝选民”“天定命运”“美国信条”的简单叠加或组合,而体现为美国人因率先享有自由、实现自治而产生的自信、自豪和“使命”意识,其核心理念和基本话语均形成于美国建国时期。不过,《独立宣言》在其中所起的作用远没有想象的那么重要,作为一个集体的美国建国者才是“美国例外论”的“缔造者”,而且“开明的”欧洲思想界也隔洋呼应,共同参与了“美国例外论”的建构。通常所谓“清教起源说”和“托克维尔发明说”也都于史无征。那些与清教相关的“例外论”表述,大多是后世在对“美国例外论”加以调整和重构时所添加的。托克维尔在阐述“美国例外论”方面的确扮演了重要角色,但其有关观念和话语也与美国建国者如出一辙。以往对“美国例外论”的批判在思路和方法上也颇有局限,有必要从美国统治体制的文化心理基础、美国的国家身份塑造、“移民国家”的“国族构建”以及“例外论”与“普世论”的张力着眼,重新认识“美国例外论”作为一种文化现象和意识形态的作用与意义。

一种乡愁：消隐的精神品格

政治家的德性问题历来是政治哲学研究中的重要内容。近来出版的《革命品格:建国者何以与众不同?》一书,探讨了美国建国之初八位政治家的生平与品性,作者戈登·伍德在此基础上不仅追思了美利坚开国的先贤,而且在字里行间阐释了政治家品格对于现实政治运转的重要性。本文指出,伍德所言的革命品格指向的是启蒙时代所遗留的绅士精神,但随着启蒙的完成,这种贵族式的品性最终被民主的浪潮所吞噬。因而,伍德式的'乡愁'所指向的是一种普遍性的思考:现代政治的高洁品格何以可能?