东城区近年来违法建设初探

东城区近年来违法建设初探覃佩玲随着当今城市化趋势的日益突出，城市的科学规划、城市基础设施的建设、城市交通、环境、流＊动人口、社会治安的管理，以及城市的可持续发展＊战略等问题，正越来越引起人们的关注。北京市东城区从历史文化、经济区位、生态环境等方面都具...

Some Thoughts on Lawyers and Legal Construction

To construct the rule of law, we can not only rely on the legal system itself, but also should we take good use of the legal person＇s active participation in the building process, which would be the driving force. Only the static legal system itself can not rule out the presence of ruling of man and something like unjust privilege. However, legal person＇s dynamic involving in the construction of rule of law, by means of legal person＇s constraints to the person of rule of man, can effectively protect citizens＇ legitimate rights and interests, by what we can achieve the maximum degree of eliminating social injustice as well. There is no doubt that the lawyer is just the strong force that above-mentioned who promotes the process of legal construction to develop better and longer.

Changes and Innovation of Dutch Building Regulation and Control： An Ongoing Debate

Dutch building regulation is under construction. After the report of the commission ＂Fundamentele Verkenning Bouw＂ in 2008, several studies have been done on the principals that the commission outlined in its report. Local authorities and parties in construction were invited to start experiments with a more privatized system of building control. But this faced a lack of participation, partly due to the impact of the crisis. The minister responsible for housing and construction invited in 2011 a ＂Bouwteam＂ to develop an agenda for action for construction. In 2012, 17 action teams started to focus, speed up and simplify the planning and development of construction. Recently, the two teams related to building regulation presented their plans. The first was a roadmap towards private building control, the second, a proposal for an independent body to answer questions on constructions plans that do intrinsically but not legally meet the standards of building regulation. There is considerable controversy regarding the way that this implementation team is paving its path towards private building control. While the minister for housing conformed himself to a subsidized private implementing team, the Dutch Parliament has expressed its own priorities for regulation： insured guarantee to protect users and owners, a role for local authorities regarding safety and acceptance of buildings and simplification of building regulation and control for simple construction works. The parliament held a round-table conference to get informed about private building control. Recently, a proposal by the minister for housing was discussed. Further debate will be needed to decide about the next steps in innovation building regulation, which will take place in the upcoming months. ERB/RIGO （Foundation Expert Centre Regulations in Building/Research Institute for Real Estate） have developed own proposals for the public-private relation regarding development and construction of buildings. They expect that their proposals might be of help. The proposals are laid down in several publications and partly realized in experimental development of ＂to be approved＂ technical solutions. This paper reflects on the differences between their proposals and these of the roadmap, on the possible outcome of the ongoing debate and its implications, legal and technical, on building regulation and on legal and contractual liability. This paper tries to give an inside view on the development of regulation and the pros and cons of the proposals, starting from a theoretical outline of building regulation.

A Need to Innovate the Dutch Building Regulation

In 2008, two governmental committees presented their conclusions on strengthening the role of the private building sector in building control. In 2011, three new studies were commissioned by the government to address perceived problems. One of them was an integral study, executed by ERB （Foundation Expertcentre Regulations in Building）, RIGO （Research Institute for Real Estate） and TNO （Research Institute for Applied Technologies）, to innovate the whole building regulations system. It led to proposals to redefine responsibility and liability for all parties. This study states that by an effort of yearly ￡100 million, unnecessary costs up to ￡l billion can be avoided and a real quality push will take place in the building and real estate markets. The goals to reach are to minimize the administrative burden for the building owner and to enforce the construction industry to build conforming to the regulations. This paper discusses the ERB study and the given proposals. The ERB study demonstrated that a quality push is needed which potential will lead to less costs for building owners. It also shows that proven solutions, part of the regulations, might be of help for all parties involved.

Policy Analysis on Building Regulations and the Recovery of Earthquake and Tsunami Affected Areas

The paper examines the situation and causes of recent big earthquake and tsunami disasters especially in the case of the Great East Japan Earthquake in 2011, and analyzes the damage to extract lessons on safety of buildings and recovery of cities from the view point of building regulations such as the Article 39 of the Building Standard Law. In addition, the Article 8 of the Ordinance of City Planning Law resulted in not so effective against tsunami in March 2011. Control mechanisms of building construction should be integrated into socio-economic, institutional, technical and other policy tools. In order to mitigate earthquake risk, all stages of building construction, from location, planning and construction to maintenance are important. Awareness creation is instrumental for building culture of safety and demands for intervention in disaster mitigation. The demands ultimately help in creating conducive environment for policy intervention, in realizing institutional mechanism of building code enforcement and land use control for the municipal authorities and in creating demand for competent professionals.

Damage Analysis of the Great East Japan Earthquake

This paper tries to comprehensively summarize the reasons of damages at the Great East Japan Earthquake on March 11, 2011 and what are the lessons in terms of earthquake and tsunami safety of building and cities. The paper examines the damage of tsunami affected areas and analyses the damage to extract lessons in order to safely reconstruct the affected areas from the view point of building regulations such as ＂Disaster Risk Area＂ provided by the Article 39 of the Building Standard Law and the Urbanization Control Area and UPA （Urbanization Promotion Area） provided by the Article 8 of the Ordinance of the City Planning Law of Japan.

Democracy on the Road toward the Rule of Law Started from Umbrella Movement

This paper had started its words from the hot current Umbrella Movement in Hongkong, with putting forward the questions that ＂ What is the democracy？ ＂ and ＂ How should the democracy develop？ ＂ . And then, it had reviewed the historical development of the concept of democracy, on that basis, it had explored the socialist democratic system in China and analyzed the dilemmas in the construction of socialist democracy. And it gave the responses to questions in the beginning of the article and explained the reasons in details. At the last, some notes on the construction of democracy in China＇ s journey toward rule of law were written in this article.

What Would Vitruvius Do？ Re-thinking Architecture Education for the 21st Century University

In the 1996 AIA （American Institute of Architecture） Convention in Minneapolis, the governing bodies in the education and professionalization of architects in the US （namely, the American Institute of Architecture, American Institute of Architecture Students, National Council of Architectural Registration Boards, National Architecture Accrediting Board and the Association of Collegiate Schools of Architecture） released the Boyer Report, subsequently published as Building Community： A New Future for Architecture Education and Practice. The report was named in honor of Ernest Boyer, an educational theorist who also participated in writing the text. Less comprehensive than the canonical texts by Marcus Vitruvius Pollio and his interlocutors, it is nonetheless a mirror of our current assumptions about the education of the architect. This paper looks at the epistemology inherited from Vitruvius as it shapes pedagogy up and through the Boyer Report and into the 21 st century. Using a method of comparative analysis applied to past and current architecture programs, our argument is that historical divisions between professional or applied knowledge and liberal or theoretical knowledge inherited from the past limit our capacity within architecture education to integrate new strategies for knowledge creation and dissemination. It is concluded that any serious revision of architecture education means a systematic reconsideration of the basis of architecture knowledge. What of the （persistent） Vitruvian model is relevant in our post-modern condition？ What do we learn from the image of our profession projected through the lens of the Boyer Report and it is like？ In other words, what would Vitruvius do？

Automated Design and Visualization System of a House Foundation from Blocks

This article analyzes creation methods of automated design system, presents design system of a house foundation from blocks. The creation methods of automated design system of a house foundation from blocks are discovered with Unified Modeling Language. Analyzed objects-classes： block, specification, model. Graphical system can design foundation, form specification of objects and create 3D model of house foundation. There are several types and different dimensions of concrete blocks. The program optimally arranges selected blocks so that monolithic parts will be minimal volume. Program selects a house foundation blocks from database by using ActiveX Data Objects technology, which by programming method connects drawing and database. Drawing＇s graphical objects have additional data from which exchange of data between graphical system and database is executed. Visualization system and example of house foundation from blocks project with specifications is presented. Creation problems of automated design system are discussed and conclusions are made.

Towards a Methodology for Evaluating Architectural Heritage Preservation Methods

The treatment of historical buildings represents challenges for those who are concerned with conservation. The difficulty lies in how to apply the treatment without destroying the old components and the original design of the building. The treatment processes take place by the classification of the type and the value of the building, then the determination of the deterioration level decides the level of intervention. The aim of the research is to provide a method for assessing the ways of preserving the architectural and urban heritage, which includes all the factors that affect the preservation of the heritage so as to access that it contributes to access to the deficiencies in the ways of preserving the heritage and to build a plan for action to avoid them in the future. The research followed a causal comparative research approach that began with an analytical study to determine the factors affecting preservation and its considerations, by collecting and analyzing the data of the most important international and national charters and recommendations for the preservation. This study defined the preservation works into 4 levels of interventions passed on the intervention objectives, building＇s physical state, causes for the deterioration and maintenance works. By comparing the deterioration level with the intervention level for the conservation procedures, the result indicates the suitability of the work performed. This result could be number between 4 and -4.

Long-Term Environmental Accounting on Civil Infrastructures in Developing Countries

This paper proposes the environmental burden and benefit assessment method, which contributes to the evaluation of public works, by considering a quantitative environmental impact. The method developed is applied for the Bangkok subway construction project, so that the environmental impact following the Bangkok subway construction work is evaluated on the basis of environmental accounting. As a result, it was possible to quantify the burden and benefits to the environment in the life cycle of the Bangkok subway. In addition by converting the burden and benefits of the Bangkok subway construction project into monetary terms and introducing the Economic Internal Rate of Return （EIRR）, it was possible to evaluate the subway construction project from an economic point of view.