This paper aims to overview BIM （building information modeling） implementation in Singapore and to clarify the problems concerned with BIM in Singapore and Japan. The Singapore BIM Roadmap and related policies devel...This paper aims to overview BIM （building information modeling） implementation in Singapore and to clarify the problems concerned with BIM in Singapore and Japan. The Singapore BIM Roadmap and related policies developed by BCA （Building and Construction Authority） are introduced at first along with the background and environment in Singapore. Despite of the assessment from Japan, BIM implementation in Singapore is not always perfect and well-equipped according to the authors＇ interviews to Japanese general contractors operating in Singapore. Japanese general contractors have ability to produce and coordinate design drawings and shop drawings by hiring in-house architects and engineers. The client and the architects can reduce project risk concerning design and drawings by transferring it to the general contractor. The authors discuss the problems on project management to show the strategy to develop the new version of BIM, hoping to share the value with all of the stakeholders of the project.展开更多
The research project ＂BIM--Potentials and Barriers＂ aims to analyze existing BIM practice and the barriers to the implementation of the approach in Germany. Overseen by an ＂advisory board＂ with high-profile field,...The research project ＂BIM--Potentials and Barriers＂ aims to analyze existing BIM practice and the barriers to the implementation of the approach in Germany. Overseen by an ＂advisory board＂ with high-profile field, public-authority and AEC （architecture, engineering and construction market） association representatives, a set of hypotheses has been drawn up and subjected to evaluation by means of a detailed survey. The survey, having identified the relevant stakeholders, first attempts to discover how BIM （building information modeling） is currently used. The potentials of the application of BIM in the different processes and target groups are also determined, as well as the barriers and constraints. Enhancement of the considered areas is an important project solution approach： Besides technological aspects, the analysis also focuses on contracting, norms and processes, as well as education, knowledge and role perception.展开更多
Energy flexibility in buildings will play an important role in the smart energy system. Office buildings have more potentials to provide energy flexibility to the grid compared to other types of buildings, due to the ...Energy flexibility in buildings will play an important role in the smart energy system. Office buildings have more potentials to provide energy flexibility to the grid compared to other types of buildings, due to the existing building management, control systems and large energy consumption. Consumers in office buildings （building owners/managers and occupants） take a main role for adopting and engaging in building energy flexibility. This paper provides a systematic review of consumer central energy flexibility in office buildings with the discussion of social, technical and business aspects. This paper clarifies the correlations of consumers＇ concems, external influential factors, energy flexibility resources and technology with eight hypotheses. This paper suggests that technical solutions with the integration of distributed energy resources, building management and control system can boost energy flexibility in the office buildings.展开更多
The past decade has witnessed a rapid development of the international construction market. This research aims to investigate top Chinese contractors' developmental tracks and evaluate their strategic selection of...The past decade has witnessed a rapid development of the international construction market. This research aims to investigate top Chinese contractors' developmental tracks and evaluate their strategic selection of international construction markets over the period from 2001 to 2006,based on the modified Boston Consulting Group Matrix (BCG). Results from 2001 to 2005 indicate that Asia and Africa,which were "question marks" markets for top Chinese contractors (abbreviated as TCCs),have the most potential to become "stars" markets; other question marks markets such as the Middle East and Europe are found not to be of potential; "dogs" markets such as the U.S.,Canada and Latin America should be relinquished progressively unless there is renewed growth opportunity over the next two years. Compared to developmental tracks of top contractors from some advanced countries,TCCs' investment and development strategy in Africa seems to be sustainable and intensive; TCCs' exit strategy for the Middle East appears determined and swift,while their strategy in Asia seems to be lacking in persistence. Furthermore,the data of 2006 indicates that TCCs improve their performance in Asia and Africa,and Africa has become a "stars" market for TCCs.This research sheds important lights and insights into the prevailing process of internationalization of TCCs and provides a strategic direction for their selection of international construction market. What is more,this research is also valuable to other Chinese contractors who are seeking the opportunity to enter the international construction markets.展开更多
This paperprovides a historical overview intending to clarify the methods of interpretation of timber-framed buildings by different authors of construction treatises, and structural intentions of the carpentry designe...This paperprovides a historical overview intending to clarify the methods of interpretation of timber-framed buildings by different authors of construction treatises, and structural intentions of the carpentry designers and master builders, throughout the centuries, until the period when it became scientific structural theory. It describes the ＂box-frame＂ construction that appeared in Lisbon, after the earthquake of 1755, characterized by its good seismic resistance. This knowledge is important to determine a strategy of an efficient restoration practice in historical constructions which require an intervention subordinated to its raised patrimonial and artistic value, minimum, which respects the authenticity of its structural and construction conception and which is reversible and compatible, in physical, chemical, mechanic and aesthetic terms. Empirical understanding of the most important properties of wood to structure purposes, the defects of structural timbers, the framing and the preliminary survey followed by the structural survey were some of the difficulties which can be overcame in practice.展开更多
Mdm2 is the key negative regulator of the tumour suppressor p53, making it an attractive target for anti-cancer drug design. We recently identified a new role of Mdm2 in gene repression through its direct interaction ...Mdm2 is the key negative regulator of the tumour suppressor p53, making it an attractive target for anti-cancer drug design. We recently identified a new role of Mdm2 in gene repression through its direct interaction with several proteins of the polycomb group （PcG） family. PcG proteins form polycomb repressive complexes PRC1 and PRC2. PRC2 （via EZH2） mediates histone 3 lysine 27 （H3K27） trimethyiation, and PRC1 （via RING1B） mediates histone 2A tysine 119 （H2AK119） monoubiquitination. Both PRCs mostly support a compact and transcriptionally silent chromatin structure. We found that Mdm2 regulates a gene expression pro- file similar to that of PRC2 independent of p53. Moreover, Mdm2 promotes the sternness of murine induced pluripotent stem cells and human mesenchymal stem cells, and supports the survival of tumour cells. Mdm2 is recruited to target gene promoters by the PRC2 member and histone methyltransferase EZH2, and enhances PRC-dependent repressive chromatin modifications, specif- icaUy H3K27me3 and H2AK119ubl. Mdm2 also cooperates in gene repression with the PRC1 protein RINGIB, a H2AK119 ubiqui- tin ligase. Here we discuss the possible implications of these p53-independent functions of Mdm2 in chromatin dynamics and in the stem cell phenotype. We propose that the p53-independent functions of Mdm2 should be taken into account for cancer drug design. So far, the majority of clinically tested Mdm2 inhibitors target its binding to p53 but do not affect the new functions of Mdm2 described here. However, when targeting the E3 ligase activity of Mdm2, a broader spectrum of its oncogenic activities might become druggable.展开更多
The operational environment of today's smart grids is becoming more complicated than ever before. A number of factors, including renewable penetration, marketization, cyber security, and hazards of nature, bring c...The operational environment of today's smart grids is becoming more complicated than ever before. A number of factors, including renewable penetration, marketization, cyber security, and hazards of nature, bring challenges and even threats to control centers. New techniques are anticipated to help dispatchers become aware of the accurate situations as they manipulate and navigate the situations as quickly as possible. To address the issues, we first introduce the background for this topic as well as the emerging technical demands of situational awareness in the dispatcher's environment. The general concepts and technical requirements of situational awareness are then summarized, aimed at offering an overview for readers to understand the state-of-the-art progress in this area. In addition, we discuss the importance of integrating the architecture of support tools in accordance with the dispatcher's thought process, which in fact guides correct and swift reactions in real-time operations. Finally, the prospects for situational awareness architecture are investigated with the goal of presenting situational awareness modules in an advanced and visualized manner.展开更多
文摘This paper aims to overview BIM （building information modeling） implementation in Singapore and to clarify the problems concerned with BIM in Singapore and Japan. The Singapore BIM Roadmap and related policies developed by BCA （Building and Construction Authority） are introduced at first along with the background and environment in Singapore. Despite of the assessment from Japan, BIM implementation in Singapore is not always perfect and well-equipped according to the authors＇ interviews to Japanese general contractors operating in Singapore. Japanese general contractors have ability to produce and coordinate design drawings and shop drawings by hiring in-house architects and engineers. The client and the architects can reduce project risk concerning design and drawings by transferring it to the general contractor. The authors discuss the problems on project management to show the strategy to develop the new version of BIM, hoping to share the value with all of the stakeholders of the project.
文摘The research project ＂BIM--Potentials and Barriers＂ aims to analyze existing BIM practice and the barriers to the implementation of the approach in Germany. Overseen by an ＂advisory board＂ with high-profile field, public-authority and AEC （architecture, engineering and construction market） association representatives, a set of hypotheses has been drawn up and subjected to evaluation by means of a detailed survey. The survey, having identified the relevant stakeholders, first attempts to discover how BIM （building information modeling） is currently used. The potentials of the application of BIM in the different processes and target groups are also determined, as well as the barriers and constraints. Enhancement of the considered areas is an important project solution approach： Besides technological aspects, the analysis also focuses on contracting, norms and processes, as well as education, knowledge and role perception.
文摘Energy flexibility in buildings will play an important role in the smart energy system. Office buildings have more potentials to provide energy flexibility to the grid compared to other types of buildings, due to the existing building management, control systems and large energy consumption. Consumers in office buildings （building owners/managers and occupants） take a main role for adopting and engaging in building energy flexibility. This paper provides a systematic review of consumer central energy flexibility in office buildings with the discussion of social, technical and business aspects. This paper clarifies the correlations of consumers＇ concems, external influential factors, energy flexibility resources and technology with eight hypotheses. This paper suggests that technical solutions with the integration of distributed energy resources, building management and control system can boost energy flexibility in the office buildings.
文摘The past decade has witnessed a rapid development of the international construction market. This research aims to investigate top Chinese contractors' developmental tracks and evaluate their strategic selection of international construction markets over the period from 2001 to 2006,based on the modified Boston Consulting Group Matrix (BCG). Results from 2001 to 2005 indicate that Asia and Africa,which were "question marks" markets for top Chinese contractors (abbreviated as TCCs),have the most potential to become "stars" markets; other question marks markets such as the Middle East and Europe are found not to be of potential; "dogs" markets such as the U.S.,Canada and Latin America should be relinquished progressively unless there is renewed growth opportunity over the next two years. Compared to developmental tracks of top contractors from some advanced countries,TCCs' investment and development strategy in Africa seems to be sustainable and intensive; TCCs' exit strategy for the Middle East appears determined and swift,while their strategy in Asia seems to be lacking in persistence. Furthermore,the data of 2006 indicates that TCCs improve their performance in Asia and Africa,and Africa has become a "stars" market for TCCs.This research sheds important lights and insights into the prevailing process of internationalization of TCCs and provides a strategic direction for their selection of international construction market. What is more,this research is also valuable to other Chinese contractors who are seeking the opportunity to enter the international construction markets.
文摘This paperprovides a historical overview intending to clarify the methods of interpretation of timber-framed buildings by different authors of construction treatises, and structural intentions of the carpentry designers and master builders, throughout the centuries, until the period when it became scientific structural theory. It describes the ＂box-frame＂ construction that appeared in Lisbon, after the earthquake of 1755, characterized by its good seismic resistance. This knowledge is important to determine a strategy of an efficient restoration practice in historical constructions which require an intervention subordinated to its raised patrimonial and artistic value, minimum, which respects the authenticity of its structural and construction conception and which is reversible and compatible, in physical, chemical, mechanic and aesthetic terms. Empirical understanding of the most important properties of wood to structure purposes, the defects of structural timbers, the framing and the preliminary survey followed by the structural survey were some of the difficulties which can be overcame in practice.
文摘Mdm2 is the key negative regulator of the tumour suppressor p53, making it an attractive target for anti-cancer drug design. We recently identified a new role of Mdm2 in gene repression through its direct interaction with several proteins of the polycomb group （PcG） family. PcG proteins form polycomb repressive complexes PRC1 and PRC2. PRC2 （via EZH2） mediates histone 3 lysine 27 （H3K27） trimethyiation, and PRC1 （via RING1B） mediates histone 2A tysine 119 （H2AK119） monoubiquitination. Both PRCs mostly support a compact and transcriptionally silent chromatin structure. We found that Mdm2 regulates a gene expression pro- file similar to that of PRC2 independent of p53. Moreover, Mdm2 promotes the sternness of murine induced pluripotent stem cells and human mesenchymal stem cells, and supports the survival of tumour cells. Mdm2 is recruited to target gene promoters by the PRC2 member and histone methyltransferase EZH2, and enhances PRC-dependent repressive chromatin modifications, specif- icaUy H3K27me3 and H2AK119ubl. Mdm2 also cooperates in gene repression with the PRC1 protein RINGIB, a H2AK119 ubiqui- tin ligase. Here we discuss the possible implications of these p53-independent functions of Mdm2 in chromatin dynamics and in the stem cell phenotype. We propose that the p53-independent functions of Mdm2 should be taken into account for cancer drug design. So far, the majority of clinically tested Mdm2 inhibitors target its binding to p53 but do not affect the new functions of Mdm2 described here. However, when targeting the E3 ligase activity of Mdm2, a broader spectrum of its oncogenic activities might become druggable.
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.51437003)
文摘The operational environment of today's smart grids is becoming more complicated than ever before. A number of factors, including renewable penetration, marketization, cyber security, and hazards of nature, bring challenges and even threats to control centers. New techniques are anticipated to help dispatchers become aware of the accurate situations as they manipulate and navigate the situations as quickly as possible. To address the issues, we first introduce the background for this topic as well as the emerging technical demands of situational awareness in the dispatcher's environment. The general concepts and technical requirements of situational awareness are then summarized, aimed at offering an overview for readers to understand the state-of-the-art progress in this area. In addition, we discuss the importance of integrating the architecture of support tools in accordance with the dispatcher's thought process, which in fact guides correct and swift reactions in real-time operations. Finally, the prospects for situational awareness architecture are investigated with the goal of presenting situational awareness modules in an advanced and visualized manner.
