This paper aims to establish a methodological frame work and its validation as a response to the need of a demand management tool in the face of recurring comparisons of building revitalization or retrofits. As the in...This paper aims to establish a methodological frame work and its validation as a response to the need of a demand management tool in the face of recurring comparisons of building revitalization or retrofits. As the investment and implementation actions improve and the social economic criteria are delimited by regulatory frameworks, it is extremely necessary to monitor previous performances and further prospects, regarding projects, it is necessary to measure the extent of which efforts have been meeting regulatory requirements and aiming to contribute with sustainable development. In this context, the use of indicators has been a major management tool.展开更多
The paper gives two examples of larger construction projects with typical stability problems. The first example is from Sakhalin Island in the Russian Far East. It is connected with a construction of oil and gas pipel...The paper gives two examples of larger construction projects with typical stability problems. The first example is from Sakhalin Island in the Russian Far East. It is connected with a construction of oil and gas pipelines through the mountainous terrain in Makarov region. The region has an active geotectonic history and is highly affected by uncontrolled erosion and extensive landslips. Basic principles of landslide hazard mitigation are presented. The second example is from a motorway construction in Azerbaijan. This motorway leads from Baku to Russia through a seismo-tectonically active area at the toe of Caucasian mountains and in some places is situated in deep cuts at the toe of high slopes. This unsuitable routing, together with seismic activity, led to a slope stability failure of a slope affected by recent tectonic movements near the village of Devechi. Stability conditions and designed remedy measures are presented.展开更多
With the rapid development of China economy and critical ecological situation in China,ecological renovation of existing buildings has become a special important topic. Key techniques on ecological renovation design o...With the rapid development of China economy and critical ecological situation in China,ecological renovation of existing buildings has become a special important topic. Key techniques on ecological renovation design of existing buildings in China are explored in this paper. Special attention is paid to specific treatments suitable for China.展开更多
Green cutting has become focus of attention in ecological and environmental protection. Steam is cheap, poilution-free and eco-friendly, and then is a good and economical coolant and lubricant. Steam generator and ste...Green cutting has become focus of attention in ecological and environmental protection. Steam is cheap, poilution-free and eco-friendly, and then is a good and economical coolant and lubricant. Steam generator and steam feeding system were developed to generate and feed steam. Comparative experiments were carried out in cutting AA6061-15 vol.% SiC （25 p.m particle size）, with cubic boron nitride （CBN） insert KB-90 grade under the conditions of compressed air, oil water emulsion, steam as coolant and lubricant, and dry cutting, respectively. The experimental results show that, with steam as coolant and lubricant, gradual reduction in the cutting force, friction coefficient, surface roughness and cutting temperature values were observed. Further, there was reduction in built up edge formation. It is proved that use of water steam as coolant and lubricant is environmentally friendly.展开更多
In this paper, the author gives a brief introduction to the evolution of FIDIC conditions of contract, particularly the background of the 1999 new editions. A detailed discussion is made of the applying prospects refe...In this paper, the author gives a brief introduction to the evolution of FIDIC conditions of contract, particularly the background of the 1999 new editions. A detailed discussion is made of the applying prospects referring to the new editions of FIDIC Conditions of Contract in China in 6 aspects: revisions of the existing model contract forms; finding solutions to the payment delay problem; advocating the Design/Build and EPC turnkey project delivery system; clarifying the roles of supervising engineers and opening up the new regions of their work. This paper also prepares a short form model contract for small projects in China, improving the settlement of construction disputes.展开更多
The current study investigated the value and significance of the existence of the old industrial buildings, as well as the necessity and difficulty to renovate the design. Combined with successful cases, this study an...The current study investigated the value and significance of the existence of the old industrial buildings, as well as the necessity and difficulty to renovate the design. Combined with successful cases, this study analyzed and showed that one should not only deal with the relationship between the original architectural style and construction of modem cities in the process of renovation design of the old industrial building space. More attention should also be paid to create new space to meet the functional requirements of the modem features, and then complete substantial renovation of old industrial building space through the innovative design. In the use of aesthetic innovative design for the renovation of the old industrial building space, people must respect the space of old industrial buildings as the prerequisite of the renovation design. It is needed to expound the local space reconstruction methods and design principles respectively on the basis of respect. And then one should grasp the whole space and make the structured design and reasonable use according to the new space functional requirements of different functional areas. This paper attempted to learn from environmental art study on the renovation of old industrial buildings space and in terms of innovative design. The authors explored the innovative thinking on the renovation design of old industrial building space through the analysis of the reality.展开更多
When a relatively new building is not being fully utilized, there must have existed, at one time, a change in its initial conditions. The aim of this research is to study the changes in the initial conditions which ca...When a relatively new building is not being fully utilized, there must have existed, at one time, a change in its initial conditions. The aim of this research is to study the changes in the initial conditions which cause buildings to be underutilized and analyze whether the demolition was justified. Causes can be found in problems due to the building＇s management, as the owners make the main decisions concerning the buildings. Additionally problems are due to the location where the building is constructed because site conditions changes a lot in one generation. The use of the building can also be a cause of abandonment as the original use can end before the lifespan of the building. Architectural style can be dated as fashions and styles change rapidly. Finally, causes can be in the physical condition of the buildings： structure, construction, installations and adherence to current regulations. In this article, the authors provide guidelines demonstrating how buildings of a past generation which were initially considered obsolete, can be properly reused.展开更多
Approaches to building renovation require high professional levels, interdisciplinary elements, team work and time to study and do research on the buildings. The process of renovating historic buildings is made up of ...Approaches to building renovation require high professional levels, interdisciplinary elements, team work and time to study and do research on the buildings. The process of renovating historic buildings is made up of agreements and compromises between the interests of the government, common interests, and the motives and interests of individual owners and prospective investors. Research that deals with any portion of cultural heritages always carried out very precisely, but there is still no precise knowledge of how to define a system and draw up a model that accurately represents a cultural heritage. In the existing literature on this topic, the authors have written about the different views of how to explain the construction project as a system. While many authors focus on ＂sub-phases＂ directly connected to the building of an object, the process involved in the construction phase often neglects the phases required before beginning work, which culminates in a logical sequence in the process of preparing a project. Irregularities or deficiencies which occur during the preparation process of a project often directly impact the construction itself. What the scope of this impact depends on the approach of the contractual organization, the organization of construction companies and on co-operation between the customer （or architects） and the contractors. Unlike the projects for newly built objects, the conservation projects of cultural heritage are not only more demanding because of lack of knowledge of the building materials, construction, foundation and interaction of the mentioned individual parts into a unit called a building. The authors analyzed the structural aspects of building conservation which were suggested by Beckmaun and Bowles and another methodology, which was developed as part of the 5th framework program for the purpose of providing a comprehensive and interdisciplinary treatment of the revitalization of a historical city. The authors found that both methodologies do not include modern IT tools and methods. By analyzing and monitoring the restoration of historic buildings in Slovenia, specifically in the city of Maribor （including all documentation, interviews and direct views） the authors found that the project was regarded as a collection of individual projects rather than a unified whole （a system）. The authors have demonstrated the consequences of structuring a historic building restoration project in a non-systemic way. This type of project can be classified as a non-sustainable renovation. In this article, at first the authors will try to clarify what types of systems and subsystems are considered in renovating historic buildings. The authors show when and why a system becomes stochastic （a probability） and in the end what would be needed to successfully re-establish it back to a determined system. By analyzing the work and reconstruction of old buildings in Maribor, the authors found that it would be necessary to give a new framework with IT tools for the preparation of a historic building restoration project.展开更多
The transformation of the medieval city of Rhodes and the modification of its buildings since the siege of 1522 by Suleiman the Magnificent up to the 20th century, were imposed by the social and religious needs of eac...The transformation of the medieval city of Rhodes and the modification of its buildings since the siege of 1522 by Suleiman the Magnificent up to the 20th century, were imposed by the social and religious needs of each of its conquerors. In particular, during the period of the Ottoman rule （1522-1912）, most of the churches were converted into mosques while new buildings like public baths and mansions were constructed, resulting in alterations in the morphological characteristics of the city. Although the buildings of the Hospitalier＇s period （1307-1522） were preserved, the additions and adjustments resulted into a mixture of western and oriental architecture, which today determines the multicultural identity of the city. In 1988, UNESCO （United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization） designated the medieval city of Rhodes as a world heritage city for its exemplary architectural complexity and variability, which perfectly reflects the complex historical phenomena and the unique integration of various cultures for more than seven centuries. In this paper, the management of the modifications and the restoration approach of four representative mosques are presented.展开更多
A probabilistic risk assessment procedure is developed which can predict risks of explosive blast damage to built infrastructure, and when combined with life-cycle cost analysis, the procedure can be used to optimise ...A probabilistic risk assessment procedure is developed which can predict risks of explosive blast damage to built infrastructure, and when combined with life-cycle cost analysis, the procedure can be used to optimise blast mitigation strategies. The paper focuses on window glazing since this is a load-capacity system which, when subjected to blast loading, has caused significant damage and injury to building occupants. Structural reliability techniques are used to derive blast reliability curves for annealed and toughened glazing subjected to explosive blast for a variety of threat scenarios. The probabilistic analyses include the uncertainties associated with blast modelling, glazing response and glazing failure criteria. Damage risks are calculated for an individual window and for windows in the facade of a multi-storey commercial building. The paper shows an illustrative example of how this information, when combined with risk-based decision-making criteria, can be used to optimise blast mitigation strategies.展开更多
The Centennial Hall was designed as a monumental building entirely of reinforced concrete. Soon it became a model for modernist buildings of that era. During the years 2009-2011, the biggest renovation since its compl...The Centennial Hall was designed as a monumental building entirely of reinforced concrete. Soon it became a model for modernist buildings of that era. During the years 2009-2011, the biggest renovation since its completion took place. All activities described in the following paper aimed to put the Centennial Hall into good repair and adjust it to the applicable requirements of modem public buildings. The primary aim is to preserve the authenticity of the original materials used in construction through the use of remedial technologies, thereby maintaining the historical integrity of the building.展开更多
文摘This paper aims to establish a methodological frame work and its validation as a response to the need of a demand management tool in the face of recurring comparisons of building revitalization or retrofits. As the investment and implementation actions improve and the social economic criteria are delimited by regulatory frameworks, it is extremely necessary to monitor previous performances and further prospects, regarding projects, it is necessary to measure the extent of which efforts have been meeting regulatory requirements and aiming to contribute with sustainable development. In this context, the use of indicators has been a major management tool.
文摘The paper gives two examples of larger construction projects with typical stability problems. The first example is from Sakhalin Island in the Russian Far East. It is connected with a construction of oil and gas pipelines through the mountainous terrain in Makarov region. The region has an active geotectonic history and is highly affected by uncontrolled erosion and extensive landslips. Basic principles of landslide hazard mitigation are presented. The second example is from a motorway construction in Azerbaijan. This motorway leads from Baku to Russia through a seismo-tectonically active area at the toe of Caucasian mountains and in some places is situated in deep cuts at the toe of high slopes. This unsuitable routing, together with seismic activity, led to a slope stability failure of a slope affected by recent tectonic movements near the village of Devechi. Stability conditions and designed remedy measures are presented.
基金the financial support from the Technology Pillar Program during the Eleventh Five-Year Plan Period (project2008BAJ08B11)
文摘With the rapid development of China economy and critical ecological situation in China,ecological renovation of existing buildings has become a special important topic. Key techniques on ecological renovation design of existing buildings in China are explored in this paper. Special attention is paid to specific treatments suitable for China.
文摘Green cutting has become focus of attention in ecological and environmental protection. Steam is cheap, poilution-free and eco-friendly, and then is a good and economical coolant and lubricant. Steam generator and steam feeding system were developed to generate and feed steam. Comparative experiments were carried out in cutting AA6061-15 vol.% SiC （25 p.m particle size）, with cubic boron nitride （CBN） insert KB-90 grade under the conditions of compressed air, oil water emulsion, steam as coolant and lubricant, and dry cutting, respectively. The experimental results show that, with steam as coolant and lubricant, gradual reduction in the cutting force, friction coefficient, surface roughness and cutting temperature values were observed. Further, there was reduction in built up edge formation. It is proved that use of water steam as coolant and lubricant is environmentally friendly.
文摘In this paper, the author gives a brief introduction to the evolution of FIDIC conditions of contract, particularly the background of the 1999 new editions. A detailed discussion is made of the applying prospects referring to the new editions of FIDIC Conditions of Contract in China in 6 aspects: revisions of the existing model contract forms; finding solutions to the payment delay problem; advocating the Design/Build and EPC turnkey project delivery system; clarifying the roles of supervising engineers and opening up the new regions of their work. This paper also prepares a short form model contract for small projects in China, improving the settlement of construction disputes.
文摘The current study investigated the value and significance of the existence of the old industrial buildings, as well as the necessity and difficulty to renovate the design. Combined with successful cases, this study analyzed and showed that one should not only deal with the relationship between the original architectural style and construction of modem cities in the process of renovation design of the old industrial building space. More attention should also be paid to create new space to meet the functional requirements of the modem features, and then complete substantial renovation of old industrial building space through the innovative design. In the use of aesthetic innovative design for the renovation of the old industrial building space, people must respect the space of old industrial buildings as the prerequisite of the renovation design. It is needed to expound the local space reconstruction methods and design principles respectively on the basis of respect. And then one should grasp the whole space and make the structured design and reasonable use according to the new space functional requirements of different functional areas. This paper attempted to learn from environmental art study on the renovation of old industrial buildings space and in terms of innovative design. The authors explored the innovative thinking on the renovation design of old industrial building space through the analysis of the reality.
文摘When a relatively new building is not being fully utilized, there must have existed, at one time, a change in its initial conditions. The aim of this research is to study the changes in the initial conditions which cause buildings to be underutilized and analyze whether the demolition was justified. Causes can be found in problems due to the building＇s management, as the owners make the main decisions concerning the buildings. Additionally problems are due to the location where the building is constructed because site conditions changes a lot in one generation. The use of the building can also be a cause of abandonment as the original use can end before the lifespan of the building. Architectural style can be dated as fashions and styles change rapidly. Finally, causes can be in the physical condition of the buildings： structure, construction, installations and adherence to current regulations. In this article, the authors provide guidelines demonstrating how buildings of a past generation which were initially considered obsolete, can be properly reused.
文摘Approaches to building renovation require high professional levels, interdisciplinary elements, team work and time to study and do research on the buildings. The process of renovating historic buildings is made up of agreements and compromises between the interests of the government, common interests, and the motives and interests of individual owners and prospective investors. Research that deals with any portion of cultural heritages always carried out very precisely, but there is still no precise knowledge of how to define a system and draw up a model that accurately represents a cultural heritage. In the existing literature on this topic, the authors have written about the different views of how to explain the construction project as a system. While many authors focus on ＂sub-phases＂ directly connected to the building of an object, the process involved in the construction phase often neglects the phases required before beginning work, which culminates in a logical sequence in the process of preparing a project. Irregularities or deficiencies which occur during the preparation process of a project often directly impact the construction itself. What the scope of this impact depends on the approach of the contractual organization, the organization of construction companies and on co-operation between the customer （or architects） and the contractors. Unlike the projects for newly built objects, the conservation projects of cultural heritage are not only more demanding because of lack of knowledge of the building materials, construction, foundation and interaction of the mentioned individual parts into a unit called a building. The authors analyzed the structural aspects of building conservation which were suggested by Beckmaun and Bowles and another methodology, which was developed as part of the 5th framework program for the purpose of providing a comprehensive and interdisciplinary treatment of the revitalization of a historical city. The authors found that both methodologies do not include modern IT tools and methods. By analyzing and monitoring the restoration of historic buildings in Slovenia, specifically in the city of Maribor （including all documentation, interviews and direct views） the authors found that the project was regarded as a collection of individual projects rather than a unified whole （a system）. The authors have demonstrated the consequences of structuring a historic building restoration project in a non-systemic way. This type of project can be classified as a non-sustainable renovation. In this article, at first the authors will try to clarify what types of systems and subsystems are considered in renovating historic buildings. The authors show when and why a system becomes stochastic （a probability） and in the end what would be needed to successfully re-establish it back to a determined system. By analyzing the work and reconstruction of old buildings in Maribor, the authors found that it would be necessary to give a new framework with IT tools for the preparation of a historic building restoration project.
文摘The transformation of the medieval city of Rhodes and the modification of its buildings since the siege of 1522 by Suleiman the Magnificent up to the 20th century, were imposed by the social and religious needs of each of its conquerors. In particular, during the period of the Ottoman rule （1522-1912）, most of the churches were converted into mosques while new buildings like public baths and mansions were constructed, resulting in alterations in the morphological characteristics of the city. Although the buildings of the Hospitalier＇s period （1307-1522） were preserved, the additions and adjustments resulted into a mixture of western and oriental architecture, which today determines the multicultural identity of the city. In 1988, UNESCO （United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization） designated the medieval city of Rhodes as a world heritage city for its exemplary architectural complexity and variability, which perfectly reflects the complex historical phenomena and the unique integration of various cultures for more than seven centuries. In this paper, the management of the modifications and the restoration approach of four representative mosques are presented.
文摘A probabilistic risk assessment procedure is developed which can predict risks of explosive blast damage to built infrastructure, and when combined with life-cycle cost analysis, the procedure can be used to optimise blast mitigation strategies. The paper focuses on window glazing since this is a load-capacity system which, when subjected to blast loading, has caused significant damage and injury to building occupants. Structural reliability techniques are used to derive blast reliability curves for annealed and toughened glazing subjected to explosive blast for a variety of threat scenarios. The probabilistic analyses include the uncertainties associated with blast modelling, glazing response and glazing failure criteria. Damage risks are calculated for an individual window and for windows in the facade of a multi-storey commercial building. The paper shows an illustrative example of how this information, when combined with risk-based decision-making criteria, can be used to optimise blast mitigation strategies.
文摘The Centennial Hall was designed as a monumental building entirely of reinforced concrete. Soon it became a model for modernist buildings of that era. During the years 2009-2011, the biggest renovation since its completion took place. All activities described in the following paper aimed to put the Centennial Hall into good repair and adjust it to the applicable requirements of modem public buildings. The primary aim is to preserve the authenticity of the original materials used in construction through the use of remedial technologies, thereby maintaining the historical integrity of the building.
