陆建衡:破解世界地产难题 开创建筑减排新路

随着城市化进程的不断推进和人口的增多,新一轮城市更新与改造工程正如火如荼地开展。城市开发建设之势锐不可当,建筑行业已逐渐成为中国能源消耗的三大"耗能大户"之一,建筑减排日益成为亟待解决的社会问题,并面临巨大挑战。那么,如何有效实现"建筑节能"?有一项房地产开发,解决了旧建筑更新改造中的关键技术问题。不用大占耕地、无需大拆大建、不必大量搬迁,不会产生大量建筑垃圾,却节省了大量资金、能源和资源。这个将铁路桥梁中,桥片与桥墩的隔震、减震原理转化运用于建筑结构,被称为"抗震低层楼房加层结构"的新技术,获得了中、美、英三国的发明专利,也成为开拓"不用新占土地的空间房产开发与空间建筑"的新途径。本期,《低碳世界》杂志特邀该技术的发明者,破解这一世界难题的中国土建高级工程师陆建衡先生,讲述专利背后的探索故事,探讨处于建设高峰期的建筑大国——中国未来的建筑节能减排、保护生态环境、保护耕地的发展方向。

1992年度市局科技进步显著

1992年6月30日,克拉玛依市、新疆石油管理局在友谊馆召开、有53个单位近800名代表参加的92年度市局奖励大会,会上首先表彰了“八五”以来为新疆石油工业技术进步和经济发展中做出突出贡献并取得效益的姜建衡等11名科技人员,宣读了市局党委,管理局予以重奖的决定,奖励人民币一万元,对今年4月底总公司重奖的周明德同志,也在此予以表彰。

Sensitivity analysis for stochastic user equilibrium with elastic demand assignment model

This paper puts forward a rigorous approach for a sensitivity analysis of stochastic user equilibrium with the elastic demand （SUEED） model. First, proof is given for the existence of derivatives of output variables with respect to the perturbation parameters for the SUEED model. Then by taking advantage of the gradient-based method for sensitivity analysis of a general nonlinear program, detailed formulae are developed for calculating the derivatives of designed variables with respect to perturbation parameters at the equilibrium state of the SUEED model. This method is not only applicable for a sensitivity analysis of the logit-type SUEED problem, but also for the probit-type SUEED problem. The application of the proposed method in a numerical example shows that the proposed method can be used to approximate the equilibrium link flow solutions for both logit-type SUEED and probit-type SUEED problems when small perturbations are introduced in the input parameters.

Heat flow balance and control strategies for a large GSHP

The possibility of underground imbalance between heat emission and absorption has a negative impact on the performance of ground-source heat pump systems （GSHPs）. Numerical and experimental researches were made in a residential building, which is supplied with a GSHP system and a ceiling radiation system combined with a replacement fresh air system. EnergyPlus simulations were used to estimate heating and cooling loads, and to assess the heat generated from the water pump, the fan and the heat pump unit. Then, Fluent simulations were used to compare three different control strategies of handling the underground heat exchange. These simulations were strongly based on an experimentally verified model. It is obtained that a ratio between cooling and heating loads is 5.08 ： 1 in a case study in Nanjing. Moreover, the control strategy based on the starting time is more efficient and reliable than the temperature and temperature difference strategies to control the underground heat exchange.

Modeling and simulation of turbofan engine based on equilibrium manifold

Because the normal operation of the engine is located near the equilibrium manifold, the method of equilibrium mani fold nonlinear dynamic modeling is adopted for turbofan engine more than the local train modeling. The method studies the sys tem characteristics near the equilibrium manifold. The modeling method can be realized through dynamic and static twostep, and for the specific parameter modeling steps and algorithm are given. The output of the test data is compared with the model output through numerical simulation, to check the model with an additional set of test data. The simulation results show that the model has reached the requirements of engineering accuracy.

Simulation of a semi-industrial pilot plant thickener using CFD approach

Thickeners are important units for water recovery in various industries. In this study, a semi-industrial pilot plant thickener similar to the tailing thickener of the Sarcheshmeh Copper Mine was simulated by CFD modeling. The population balance was used to describe the particle aggregation and breakup. In this population balance, 15 particle sizes categories were considered. The Eulerian-Eulerian approach with standard k-e turbulence model was applied to describe two phases of slurry flow in the thickener under steady-state condition. The simulation results have been compared with the experimental measurements to validate the accuracy of the CFD modeling. After checking the numerical results, the effect of important parameters such as, feed flow rate, solid percentage in the feed, and solid particle size on the thickener performance was studied. The thickener residence time distribution were obtained by the modeling and also compared with the experimental data. Finally, the effects of feedwell feeding on the average diameter of aggregate and turbulent intensity were evaluated.

Investigating a potential reservoir landslide and suggesting its treatment using limit-equilibrium and numerical methods

A reservoir landslide not only reduces the water storage capacity, but also causes extensive damages to the dam body, power/water transmission lines, roads, and other infrastructures. The Latian Dam, located 35 km north east of Tehran （Iran）, is one of the cases which has encountered serious problems with instability of its rock abutments. This paper addresses the stability analysis of the right abutment of the Latian Dam using limit equilibrium and numerical methods. Geomechanical characteristics of the rock abutment were first estimated based on engineering classification of the rock mass. Different search methods were examined for locating the critical circular/non-circular slip surface in conjunction with the general limit equilibrium method. The effect of variabi]ity of rock mass properties, water table, and earthquake load on the factor of safety （FS） and probability of failure （PF） was studied. In the event of rapid drawdown in the reservoir, the limit equilibrium analysis calculated FS=1.067 and PF=21.1%, and the numerical analysis returned FS=1.01. The results of the analyses suggest that the right abutment of the Latian Dam is prone to slide and needs treatment. Investigations demonstrated that a slope reduction by 15° at the upper part of the abutment would meet stability conditions even in the worst-case scenario （FS=1.297 and PF=2.07%）.

Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium Measurements and Modeling for Ternary System Water ＋ Ethanol ＋ 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium Acetate

Vapor-liquid equilibrium(VLE) data were measured for ternary system water + ethanol + 1-butyl-3methylimidazolium acetate([bmim][OAc]),in a relatively wide range of ionic liquid(IL) mass fractions up to 0.8.Six sets of complete T-x-y data were obtained,in which the mole fraction of ethanol on IL-free basis was fixed separately at 0.1,0.2,0.4,0.6,0.8,and approximate 0.98.The non-random-two-liquid(NRTL) and electrolyte non-random-two-liquid(eNRTL) equations were used for correlation,showing similar deviations.The ternary VLE was also modeled with the correlation from two data sets,with the mole fractions of ethanol on IL-free basis being 0.1 and approximate 0.98.The VLE data were also reproduced satisfactorily.With the eNRTL model,the root-mean-square deviation for temperature is 0.79 K and that for vapor-phase mole fraction is 0.0094.The calculations are in good agreement with experimental data.The effect of the IL on the VLE behavior of the volatile components is also illustrated.

Identity Construction and Image Identification： Evaluative Factors in Promotional Communication

The paper addresses the identity construction in social organizations whose primary role is to define their singularity against other organizations and have them take on this singular role in the minds of its related audiences. This construction is carried out in the course of the organizational existence and it is reflected in the image that it depicts. Those two elements are essential values to be handled by promotional communication through its several channels, means, and products. The aim of the study is to discuss the importance of corporate identity and image in the promotional communication of an organization. Bibliographical research and a case study were both used as methodologies. We have found the need to cultivate a positive image for the consolidation of the future of the organization including the contribution to the economic development of the country.

Modeling approaches to pressure balance dynamic system in shield tunneling

In order to deal with modeling problem of a pressure balance system with time-delay, nonlinear, time-varying and uncertain characteristics, an intelligent modeling procedure is proposed, which is based on artificial neural network(ANN) and input-output data of the system during shield tunneling and can overcome the precision problem in mechanistic modeling(MM) approach. The computational results show that the training algorithm with Gauss-Newton optimization has fast convergent speed. The experimental investigation indicates that, compared with mechanistic modeling approach, intelligent modeling procedure can obviously increase the precision in both soil pressure fitting and forecasting period. The effectiveness and accuracy of proposed intelligent modeling procedure are verified in laboratory tests.

Macro modeling and analysis of traffic flow with road width

The macro modeling and the solution of traffic flow with road width were investigated.Firstly,a new macro model with the consideration of road width was proposed.Secondly,the effects of road width on uniform flow and small perturbation were studied.The analytical and numerical results show that widening (shrinking) road can enhance (reduce) the equilibrium speed and flow,and the increments (decrements) will increase with the absolute value of road width gradient.In addition,the numerical results illustrate that the new model can describe the effects of road width on the evolutions of uniform flow and small perturbation.

Modelling Wave Transmission and Overtopping Based on Energy Balance Equation

Wave transmission and overtopping around nearshore breakwaters can have significant influence on the transmitted wave parameters,which affects wave conditions and sediment transportation and becomes the focus of design in engineering.The objective of this paper is to present a simplified model to estimate these important wave parameters.This paper describes the incorporation of wave transmission and overtopping module into a wave model for multi-directional random wave transformation based on energy balance equation with the consideration of wave shoaling,refraction,diffraction,reflection and breaking.Wen's frequency spectrum and non-linear dispersion relation are also included in this model.The influence of wave parameters of transmitted waves through a smooth submerged breakwater has been considered in this model with an improved description of the transmitted wave spectrum of van der Meer et al.(2000) by Carevic et al.(2013).This improved wave model has been validated through available laboratory experiments.Then the verified model is applied to investigate the effect of wave transmission and overtopping on wave heights behind low-crested breakwaters in a project for nearshore area.Numerical calculations are carried out with and without consideration of the wave transmission and overtopping,and comparison of them indicates that there is a considerable difference in wave height and thus it is important to include wave transmission and overtopping in modelling nearshore wave field with the presence of low-crested breakwaters.Therefore,this model can provide a general estimate of the desired wave field parameters,which is adequate for engineers at the preliminary design stage of low-crested breakwaters.

A Case Study for End of Life Reuse and Recycling Survey Methodologies： The Hollentalanger Cottage

Up to now, reuse and recycling of existing buildings have not been examined widely. This paper discusses the theories, methods and practicalities of buildings＇ end of life with a main focus on planning and managing reuse and recycling of existing buildings. Our aim is the realistic modelling of theoretical scenarios for end of life based on a case study. The methods of building survey, material classification and documentation for reuse, recycling and disposal of existing constructions are presented. Investigations and calculations were done on an existing cottage in the Alps. The ecologically most beneficial disposal phase of the old wooden hut is our main objective. Critical questions arise from the quality of the material and how it can be extracted, separated and balanced in an appropriate way. A systematic survey of the building by inspection of constructions and materials in iterative steps allows a detailed material balance with condition and property information. This information is crucial for scenarios and material flow analysis of demolished and rebuilt building in environmental system analysis. For future planning, the reuse and recycling of existing buildings should be integrated quite early in the planning process so that we can use the materials in the best way.

Relating Demography to Trade Imbalances through Theoretical Modeling and Numerical Simulation

Demographic transitions occur at different times and speed across different economies, and age structures consequently differ across regions. Using a solvable four-phase model, we show that economies with a higher proportion of working-age force and a lower dependency ratio tend to have higher savings rates. Because the demographic ＂ center of gravity＂for investment demand falls at a younger point in the age distribution than that of savings supply, countries with a younger age-distribution like those described above generate national savings in excess of domestic investment, resulting in a current account surplus. Numerical simulation supports this hypothesis. But the relative youth or age of a country＇s population reflects temporary demographic trends which change continuously. Therefore, while trade imbalances caused by demographic factors are structural and long-term, they are not permanent, and may be reversed by changes in age structure.

Furfural Adsorption on Zeolite： Equilibrium and Kinetics Modeling

Kinetics of adsorption of furfural from aqueous solution on zeolite： ZSM-5 （Zeolite Socony Mobil-5）, surface have been studied at room temperature. For evaluation of adsorption properties and mechanism, the adsorption isotherms have been described. Adsorption data have been fitted by the models Langmuir, Freundlich, BET （Brunauer-Emmett-Teller）, Redlich-Peterson, T6th and Dubinin-Radushkevitch. Adsorption capacity of zeolite for furfural in the studied range of concentrations （0-100 mmol/L） is found to reach 60 mg/g. The Langmuir and BET models are found to be the best for experimental data description with Re= 0.9959 and 0.9994, respectively. The Dubinin-Radushkevitch model has been used for determination of the equation constants. The latter has been applied further for calculation of energy of adsorption of furfural on zeolite ZSM-5, which is equal to 11 kJ/mol, indicating the chemical nature of adsorption interaction. The kinetics data have been modeled using pseudo-first-order and pseudo-second-order models. The kinetic sorption offered rather good fit with pseudo-second-order model with the Re value of 0.9821. The rate-limiting step is found to be intraparticle diffusion. Zeolite ZSM-5 is convenient sorbent for furfural uptake within the tested concentration range.

Efficient and reliable road modeling for digital maps based on cardinal spline

In order to realize an optimal balance between the efficiency and reliability requirements ofroad models,a road modeling method for digital maps based on cardinal spline is studied.First,the cardinal spline is chosen to establish an initial road model,which is specified by a series of control points and tension parameters.Then,in view of the initial road model,a gradual optimization algorithm,which can determine the reasonable control points and optimal tension parameters according to the degree of the change of road curvature,is proposed to determine the final road model.Finally,the proposed road modeling method is verified a d evaluated through experiments,and it is compared with the conventional method for digital maps based on the B-spline.The results show that the proposed method can resize a neaoptimal balance between the efficiency and reliability requirements.Compared with the conventional method based on the B-spline,this method occupies less data storage and achieves higher accuracy.

Measurement and modelization of VLE of binary mixtures of propyl acetate,butyl acetate or isobutyl acetate with methanol at pressure of 0.6 MPa

The vapor-liquid equilibrium of binary mixtures of propyl acetate, butyl acetate and isobutyl acetate with meth- anol has been determined at a constant pressure of 0.6 MPa. Results have been modeled with the Peng-Robinson equation, a traditional cubic equation of state widely employed in chemical industries, as well as with the perturbed-chain statistical associating fluid PC-SAFT theory of Gross-Sadowski. By correlation of the binary inter- action parameters of these equations, the measured vapor-liquid equilibrium data can be accurately predicted. Thus, this work shows that these models are able to represent the experimental data for systems with associating comoounds via hydrogen bonding.