新中国“开国政府”印章制度

自1949年中华人民共和国中央人民政府成立,至1954年新的中央人民政府—国务院成立,中央人民政府在历史转折时期承担着特殊使命,被称为"开国政府"。新中国成立后,迅速建立、健全和完善各级人民政府。印章是权力的象征,是各级政府颁发法令、命令、对外行文钤公文和行使权力时使用的凭证信物。为筹建新中国,1949年6月新政治协商会议筹备会开始为新中国"开国政府"筹划制定印章制度。1950年2月政务院会议通过《印信条例》。新中国政府印章制度包括:铸造制度,涉及印型、制法、质料、印文、背款等;政府印信铸发范围,从中央到地方大行政区、省、行署区、市级政府及其所属机构、中国驻外机构等,都按规定统一铸发印信;政府印信下发和上缴;政府印信的制发镌铸等。新中国"开国政府"印信铸发范围广、时间长、数量众多,情况复杂。

An Evaluation on the Effects of the Policy of the Great Campaign of Western Development of China in the First 10 Years Based on the Kuznets Regional Inverted-U Theory

In order to reduce the regional differentials or narrow the gap in economic development between eastern and western areas and prevent the intensification of contradictions resulting from the regional inequality during the development process, the government of China launched the Great Campaign of Western Development （GCWD） in 2000. In this paper, we will evaluate the effects of the first 10 years＇ GCWD and use the latest Chinese annual data from 1978 to 2010 to investigate the problem of regional differentials in the development process, evaluate the effects of GCWD policy and test whether there is a regional Kuznets inverted-U curve in the regional development of China. The result shows that there are both good and bad news： the good news is that the inverted U-shaped curve of absolute differential between eastern and western areas finally emerges （the previous studies showed that the inverted-U curve did not appear and the differentials between eastern and western areas became worse） and the bad news is that the differential is in the first half of the inverted U-shaped curve in our choice of time span （1978-2010）, that is, it is still in the situation of deterioration, and the turning better point will emerge in 2025. Although the western areas have benefitted from GCWD, the absolute gap has been still widened. To narrow the gap, the western areas should accelerate the industrial development and the government should adjust the policy and make more efforts to support the development of the industry in the western areas, especially cultivate and support the development of the western characteristic and advantageous industry rather than just supporting the construction of infrastructure in the western areas.

Logic and Trends behind Chinese Bovernment Reform

From the perspective of public administration, China＇s government re tbrm coincides with China＇s 30 years of reform and opening-up. Therefore, government reform, in particular central government reform, provides us another perspective to look at the past 30 years of reform and opening-up. Although China＇s central government has gone through six rounds of reform over the past three decades, goverument reforms still face major challenges. Approached from the relationship between the transformation of the social order and government reform, this paper tries to understand the basic logic behind China＇s government reform. By reviewing the history of institutional reform and analyzing current restrictions that confront China＇s government reform, this paper points out the trends of China＇s government reform. In this paper, the authors try to study the micro and macro motivations of China＇s governmental reform by using public choice theory, and briefly comment on the ＂super ministry system.＂ .

Local Development Fee in Slovak Republic

With the advent of tax and expenditure limitations, state and local governments have been searching for new sources of revenue to maintain or expand public services. The need for new sources of revenue has been particularly acute in localities that have experienced rapid growth. The new act No. 447 of November 20, 2015 on Local Development Fee was approved in Slovakia. The Act comes into force on November 1, 2016. The paper points out possible problems associated with the introduction of the local development fee abroad and discribes the situation in Slovakia.

Open Government and ＂E-Government＂ in Russia

With the advent and widespread information and communication technologies, pace of human activity has accelerated markedly new industries, new management techniques. And in the world community, now prevalent idea of democracy with equal rights and freedoms for all citizens of a democratic state is a risk and a challenge to the integrity of a community. Against this background, it becomes important not only process control, but also a system of communication between society and the state. For effective interaction between society and the state, the government needs a new, streamlined platform for the provision of public services. This site was e-government. Currently, the concept of ＂open government＂ is implemented in the administration of the state in all developed countries. This paper deals with modern communication mechanism of the state and society in Russia, for example, ＂e-government＂, and the effectiveness of this mechanism in the process of changing demands of society.

The Role of China's High-Tech Zones in Its Regional Economic Development

National high-tech industrial development zones represent a major strategy of the Chinese government in developing high-tech industries and spurring regional economic growth. The effect of this policy is yet to be proven. Based on the panel data of 283 Chinese cities between 1984 and 2012, this paper investigates the effect of high-tech zones on regional economic development. Empirical results suggest that first, national hightech zones have remarkably enhanced regional GDP and per capita GDP growth, and this conclusion still holds true after multiple rounds of robustness test; second, the economic effect of national high-tech zones is subject to diminishing marginal return and compared with higher-tier cities, lower-tier cities benefited more from the creation of national hightech zones. This paper concludes that national high-tech zones where special policies are experimented and offered not only drive economic development but, if properly distributed across regions, may help reduce regional economic disparities as well. The results of this study provide important implications for the future distribution of national high-tech zones and the creation of other relevant policies.

2018 special issue on artificial intelligence 2.0：theories and applications

In July 2017,the Chinese government issued a guideline on developing artificial intelligence（AI）,namely,the‘New-Generation Artificial Intelligence Development Plan’,through 2030 to the public,setting a goal of becoming a global innovation center in this field by 2030.According to the development plan,breakthroughs should be made in basic theories of AI in terms of big data intelligence.

An Empirical Study of Substitution and Complementary Effects of Chinese Government＇s Public Expenditure on It＇s GDP＇s Growth

This paper presents the analytical results of substitution and complementary effect of fiscal changes, by applies the variance decomposition technique to totally isolate the growth effect of components in government＇s public expenditures on GDP. We concluded from the empirical analysis, that the government＇s purchase expenditure （Gc） has a significant explanatory power on the long-term economic growth. However, extra budget expenditure （YWZ） and the government＇s fundamental investment （TR） only have substitution effects with limited impact on the long-term economical growth.