开放式结构产品为大批量个性化生产提供了一个持续的产品架构,它具有可持续性、可适应性、可升级性和可扩展性的特点.开放式结构产品由开放式结构的产品平台和通用的接口构成,通过集成源于不同生产商的模块满足用户的个性化需求.建立产...开放式结构产品为大批量个性化生产提供了一个持续的产品架构,它具有可持续性、可适应性、可升级性和可扩展性的特点.开放式结构产品由开放式结构的产品平台和通用的接口构成,通过集成源于不同生产商的模块满足用户的个性化需求.建立产品开放指标的数学模型在产品设计阶段评估产品在生命周期中的开放度.从产品的技术因素方面提出了2个关键指标:产品的兼容性(compatibility of the product,COP)和生命周期的模块化(life cycle modularity,LCM),用来描述产品的开放特征和开放程度.最后以工业产品纸袋折叠机作为实例对提出方法进行了验证和分析.展开更多
Winter wheat and rice straw produced under ambient and elevated CO2 in a China rice-wheat rotation free-air CO2 enrichment （FACE） experiment was mixed with a paddy soil at a rate of 10 g kg^-1 （air-dried）, and the...Winter wheat and rice straw produced under ambient and elevated CO2 in a China rice-wheat rotation free-air CO2 enrichment （FACE） experiment was mixed with a paddy soil at a rate of 10 g kg^-1 （air-dried）, and the mixture was incubated under flooded conditions at 25℃ to examine the differences in decomposition as well as the products of crop residues produced under elevated CO2. Results showed that the C/N ratio and the amount of soluble fraction in the amended rice straw grown under elevated CO2 （FR） were 9.8% and 73.1% greater, and the cellulose and lignin were 16.0% and 9.9% lesser than those of the amended rice straw grown under ambient CO2 （AR）, respectively. Compared with those of the AR treatment, the CO2-C and CH4-C emissions in the FR treatment for 25 d were increased by 7.9% and 25.0%, respectively; a higher ratio of CH4 to CO2 emissions induced by straw in the FR treatment was also observed. In contrast, in the treatments with winter wheat straw, the CO2-C and CH4-C emissions, the ratio of straw-induced CH4 to CO2 emissions, and the straw composition were not significantly affected by elevated CO2, except for an 8.0% decrease in total N and a 9.7% increase in C/N ratio in the wheat straw grown under elevated CO2. Correlation analysis showed that the net CO2-C and CH4-C emission from straw and the ratio of straw-induced CH4 to CO2 emissions were all exponentially related to the amount of soluble fraction in the amended straw （P 〈0.05）. These indicated that under flooded conditions, the turnover and CH4 emission from crop straw incorporated into soil were dependent on the effect of elevated CO2 on straw composition, and varied with crop species. Incorporation of rice straw grown under elevated CO2 would stimulate CH4 emission from flooded rice fields, whereas winter wheat straw grown under elevated CO2 had no effect on CH4 emission.展开更多
文摘开放式结构产品为大批量个性化生产提供了一个持续的产品架构,它具有可持续性、可适应性、可升级性和可扩展性的特点.开放式结构产品由开放式结构的产品平台和通用的接口构成,通过集成源于不同生产商的模块满足用户的个性化需求.建立产品开放指标的数学模型在产品设计阶段评估产品在生命周期中的开放度.从产品的技术因素方面提出了2个关键指标:产品的兼容性(compatibility of the product,COP)和生命周期的模块化(life cycle modularity,LCM),用来描述产品的开放特征和开放程度.最后以工业产品纸袋折叠机作为实例对提出方法进行了验证和分析.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No.20377042)the Knowledge InnovationProgram of the Chinese Academy Sciences (No.KZCX2-408).
文摘Winter wheat and rice straw produced under ambient and elevated CO2 in a China rice-wheat rotation free-air CO2 enrichment （FACE） experiment was mixed with a paddy soil at a rate of 10 g kg^-1 （air-dried）, and the mixture was incubated under flooded conditions at 25℃ to examine the differences in decomposition as well as the products of crop residues produced under elevated CO2. Results showed that the C/N ratio and the amount of soluble fraction in the amended rice straw grown under elevated CO2 （FR） were 9.8% and 73.1% greater, and the cellulose and lignin were 16.0% and 9.9% lesser than those of the amended rice straw grown under ambient CO2 （AR）, respectively. Compared with those of the AR treatment, the CO2-C and CH4-C emissions in the FR treatment for 25 d were increased by 7.9% and 25.0%, respectively; a higher ratio of CH4 to CO2 emissions induced by straw in the FR treatment was also observed. In contrast, in the treatments with winter wheat straw, the CO2-C and CH4-C emissions, the ratio of straw-induced CH4 to CO2 emissions, and the straw composition were not significantly affected by elevated CO2, except for an 8.0% decrease in total N and a 9.7% increase in C/N ratio in the wheat straw grown under elevated CO2. Correlation analysis showed that the net CO2-C and CH4-C emission from straw and the ratio of straw-induced CH4 to CO2 emissions were all exponentially related to the amount of soluble fraction in the amended straw （P 〈0.05）. These indicated that under flooded conditions, the turnover and CH4 emission from crop straw incorporated into soil were dependent on the effect of elevated CO2 on straw composition, and varied with crop species. Incorporation of rice straw grown under elevated CO2 would stimulate CH4 emission from flooded rice fields, whereas winter wheat straw grown under elevated CO2 had no effect on CH4 emission.
