Combating climate change calls for a global technological cooperation system built on the concept of ecological civilization

Climate change has been considered as the most paramount global environmental problem and the biggest externality throughout the history of human development. Accordingly, the world is facing unprecedented technological innovation and collaborative demands to deal with climate change. In the 2015 Paris Agreement, a long-term vision of technology development and transfer implementation was proposed, and policy and financial support for technological innovation in the area of climate change was advocated. These terms aim to enable developing countries to acquire the necessary technology in the early stage of the technology cycle to address climate change challenge. However, the traditional technological innovation and cooperation mode based on industrial civilization can hardly meet the technical demands of global climate protection. To ensure the continuous development and deployment of technology in a required scale and pace, a new global technical cooperation system is proposed to develop based on the philosophy of ecological civilization. The core contents of this system are supposed be as follows:to implement all-win cooperation targets, adhering to cooperation principles of Eco-man, adopt cooperation content that reflects synergy, pursue cooperation based on mutual trust, encourage participation of multiple actors, and promote sharing of cooperative outputs.

Potential Effects of Global Change to Urban Vegetation： Vulnerability and Adaptations

An urban area is a space with high population density which develops new, major and complex structures in comparison to the areas surrounding it. In order to develop these structures and maintain population and its activity, the metabolism of urban areas needs a lot of external sources of energy and nutrients （water, food, materials...）, which produces heat waste, garbage, sewage and pollution which are some of the major problems for urban sites, and the related areas from it. This metabolism promotes major environmental changes in the urban areas, which promote stress on vegetation used in gardening. The main environmental factors that affect vegetation in urban areas are the same that have been defined in literature from long time ago, but now they are acting as the sum of complementary and synergic effects of these classical stresses at the same moment, in the same place, which happen due to the incredibly amount of energy that we place in the systems. This is called global change. Ecophysiological studies can provide objective information to be used as a tool to improve the vegetation management in urban areas from design to process, and consequently avoiding the potential vulnerabilities associated with global change. Present paper tries to show several examples about the plant response, measurement tools and vulnerabilities and adaptations to global change under urban conditions. It can be concluded that the large availability of vegetal material and the great technical development can be highlighted as strong points of gardening and urban landscaping while, as weak points, it could be mentioned the changing taste of consumers, which can force the introduction of new vegetal material with no time for adaptation, Urban gardening and landscaping can be considered to be exposed to global change, but in our opinion it is necessary to carry out more studies to determine the real degree of vulnerability of this activity to this complex kind of stress.

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