缓倾斜多层薄矿体开采应力及岩层移动研究

针对缓倾斜多层薄矿体的特点,以江西省上横山矿区钒矿段为例,分析了3个主矿体的赋存特点和开采难点,并选择了合适的采矿方法。在此基础上,采用有限元数值模拟方法,对矿体的回采全过程进行模拟研究,得出了开采过程中不同矿房参数设计,不同超前距离开采方式下的矿体及围岩的移动规律和应力变化情况,为该类矿床开采提供参考。

应力煤柱下开采的可行性

为了提高薄煤层开采的资源回收率,延长矿井服务年限,缓解采区接续紧张局面,在工作面煤柱应力下开采势在必行。正阳煤矿根据实际生产情况,进行了薄煤层开采尝试,取得了显著的经济效益。

支护设计及开采诱导应力对关键块体稳定性影响的概率统计关键块分析——实例研究(一)

数值模拟已用来确定邻近及远离采场的巷道周围应力的大小和方向。模拟表明邻近采场的巷道处于应力松驰区内。布置在未受回采影响的原岩内的巷道的周边处于受压状态。关键块模拟用于确定关键性块体的代表性形状,离散元模拟用于确定块体的稳定性。模拟结果表明,原岩内巷道的顶板受采矿诱导的应力的作用而稳固。在应力松驰区,关键块会由于开挖而损坏。在邻近及远离采场的巷道中,其两帮关键块会因巷道掘进而损坏。在巷道两帮形成的块体,顶点埋藏浅表面面积大。在较小的巷道内,大多数决定性的关键块体积太大,不会落入巷道,因而不需要支护。可以看出,模拟得出的结论同观测数据一致。这表明关键块理论是所研究的硬岩矿山的巷道稳定性分析的有利工具。随着风险分析法应用于关键块体系,对靠近采空区的巷道的支护作出了明确规定。本方法得出的结果同由经验设计方法得出的支护准则进行了比较。结果表明对于巷道顶板是一致的。然而两帮支护准则就不好比,用风险分析法得出的支护准则同观测数据的吻合程度比经验准则高。在实例分析中提出了极限巷道宽度的概念。一旦巷道宽度大于该极限值,锚杆长度无需随巷道尺寸的增加而加长。可以认为在所有的岩体内情形都是如此。

井壁围岩空间附加应力观测

介绍了某矿井柱开采后井筒围岩空间附加应力观测情况。得出了各空间附加主应力值、方位角及倾角随工作面推进的变化规律。观测结果表明 :井筒上部围岩体在铅垂方向上受张应力影响 ,而井筒底部围岩体所受应力的大小和性质与工作面的布置方式、开采顺序以及井筒与工作面的相对位置有关。

新城金矿厚大矿体开采方法研究

新城金矿5号矿体厚度大,矿岩破碎,现有上向水平分层充填采矿法难以开采深部矿体,为此,针对矿山现有采矿方法存在的技术难题,提出了应力拱连续开采上向水平分层充填采矿法,实现了新城金矿5号矿体的安全开采,工业试验取得了盘区生产能力477.45 t/d,贫化损失率均为8%的良好效果。

新城金矿厚大矿体开采方法

山东新城金矿Ⅴ#矿体经过检验确定为典型的厚大破碎矿体,所以新城金矿所使用的上向水平分层充填采矿法难以满足其生产要求,要通过其他先进开采技术来进行开采作业,确保5#矿的安全开采,开采效率和贫化损失率可以控制在允许范围内。首先对国内外关于厚大矿体开采的方法进行了论述,然后就应力拱连续开采向上水平分层填充采矿法在山东新城金矿厚大矿体开采中的具体应用进行了简要阐述。

近距离煤层群综采工作面瓦斯治理优选措施

相对于单一煤层或其他煤层群开采,近距离煤层群在开采过程中邻近层受到开采层应力影响更为剧烈,瓦斯更容易通过发育的裂隙涌入开采层,造成开采层工作面瓦斯积聚。现有的针对近距离煤层群的瓦斯治理研究主要侧重于单一措施参数的确定及效果分析,没有深入研究瓦斯治理措施在时间、空间层面之间的联系,对综合瓦斯治理措施的优选组合、具体参数的确定依据及措施采取后的效果分析不够深入。针对上述问题,以阳煤一矿81403综采工作面为研究对象,通过数值模拟方式分析了近距离煤层群条件下开采应力分布及演化过程,研究了上覆岩层破坏及裂隙发育变化规律,得到了81403综采工作面瓦斯主要来源为煤层解吸瓦斯、上邻近层卸压瓦斯、采空区瓦斯等,针对不同瓦斯涌出源头和特点,优先采取顺层预抽+高抽巷+高位钻孔+采空区埋管的瓦斯抽采措施,即在开采前充分预抽减少煤层解析瓦斯量,通过高位钻孔、高抽巷处理邻近层瓦斯涌入,采用埋管治理上隅角瓦斯局部聚集,在时间和空间上形成综合的治理体系,从而达到瓦斯治理目的。实际应用结果表明,工作面回采期间瓦斯抽采率达到了89.9%,回风巷及上隅角瓦斯体积分数保持在1%以下,保证了工作面的安全回采。

小厂坝矿区岩爆倾向性研究

岩爆倾向性是研究岩爆发生机理及发生机制的基础,本文采用脆性岩爆指标、Barton岩爆指标、弹性变形能岩爆指标和冲击能岩爆指标对矿体及上盘、下盘主要围岩进行了岩爆倾向性研究,根据各指标的评价结果进行了综合评判。研究结果显示,矿体和下盘围岩属于强岩爆倾向性,在矿体开采过程中,应加强对地压变化的监测,采取适当措施,采用合理的开采方式及开采顺序,降低岩爆发生的概率和强度。

Investigation of overburden behaviour for grout injection to control mine subsidence

This paper describes a field and numerical investigation of the overburden strata response to underground longwall mining, focusing on overburden strata movements and stress concentrations.Subsidence related high stress concentrations are believed to have caused damage to river beds in the Illawarra region, Australia. In the field study, extensometers, stressmeters and piezometers were installed in the overburden strata of a longwall panel at West Cliff Colliery. During longwall mining, a total of1000 mm tensile deformation was recorded in the overburden strata and as a result bed separation and gaps were formed. Bed separation was observed to start in the roof of the mining seam and gradually propagate toward the surface as the longwall face advanced. A substantial increase in the near-surface horizontal stresses was recorded before the longwall face reached the monitored locations. The stresses continued to increase as mining advanced and they reached a peak at about 200 m behind the longwall face. A numerical modelling study identified that the angle of breakage(i.e., the angle of the boundary of caved zone) behind the longwall face and over the goaf was 22–25° from vertical direction. This is consistent with the monitoring results showing the high gradient of stresses and strains on the surface150–320 m behind the mining face.

Comprehensive safety factor of roof in goaf underdeep high stress

The safety factor of roof under deep high stress is a quantitative index for evaluating roof stability.Based on the failure mode of surrounding rock of stope roof,the mechanics model of goaf roof is constructed,and the internal force of roof is deduced by the theory of hingeless arch.The calculation method of roof safety factor(K)under the environment of deep mining is proposed in view of compression failure and shear failure of roof.The calculation formulas of shear safety factor(K1),compression safety factor(K2)and comprehensive safety factor(K)of roof are given.The influence of stope span and roof thickness on roof stability is considered in this paper.The results show that when the roof thickness remains constant,the roof safety factor decreases with the increasing of the stope span;when the stope span remains constant,the roof safety factor increases with the increasing of the roof thickness.The deep mining example shows that when the stope span is 30 m and the roof thickness is 10 m,the roof comprehensive safety factor is 1.12,which indicates the roof is in a stable state.

Experimental study on supporting technology of gob-side entry with different roof conditions

Aiming to effectively solve the problem of deep mining with safety and high efficiency, according to geological conditions, production and stress analysis in roadway surrounding rock, experimental studies on roadway supporting of workface 103 under three types of roof conditions with different supporting technologies and parameters were carried out based on the theory of supporting technology of gob-side entry. The results show the supporting of gob-side entry retaining is successful, and the deep surrounding rock is effectively controlled by field monitoring and drilling-hole photos. After stress in surrounding rock of roadways restores stable, the final roadway deformation of surrounding rock of haulage roadway and air-roadway are both about 300 mm; width of gob-side entry is 3.8-4.0 m and average height is 2.0-2.2 m; roadway section is above 8.0 m^2, which solves the problems of gob-side entry retaining support strength and safe mining; necessary conditions of mining safety in workface 103 are met.

Evaluation of coal pillar loads during longwall extraction using the numerical method and its application

It is very difficult to reasonably evaluate the loads acting on coal pillars in longwall panels during the planning of a new pillar system. The application of empirical equations is a common practice in calculating coal pillar loads while designing a new pillar. This paper proposes numerical models for evaluating coal pillar loads. The key of building a successful numerical model for calculating coal pillar loads lies in the fact that the model should represent the redistribution of stress all over the longwall panels and the surrounding areas, and it is especially important to include the characteristics of the stress rebuilding process in the gob areas, which are crucial for the building process of coal pillar loads. Based on the geo-mechanical background of the Baoshan Coal Mine, this paper details the procedures of applying numerical models to the evaluation of coal pillar loads and their local practices. The study results show it is feasible and reasonable to use numerical models to evaluate coal pillar loads.

Numerical simulation and actual research on safety and suitable position of roadway driving along next goaf

In view of the stress concentration problem left by the joint coal seams mining since the reservation of the coal pillar, it was proposed that non-pillar mining technology be used in Dongrong No.2 coal mine. The numerical simulation software FLAG2D was used to draw the relationship between surrounding rock deformation of roadway driving along next goaf and the size of the coal pillar, so the safety and suitable position of roadway was determined. The distribution of lateral abutment pressure was measured by using the ZYJ-30 drilling stress gauge in the coal wall. The conclusions of the numerical simulation were verified.

Influence of mining thickness to the mechanical characteristics of gateways at FMTC faces

To make a better understanding of the mechanical characteristics of the surrounding rocks in the tailentry and headentry with different coal seam thickness at fully mechanized top-coal caving face （FMTC face）, the stress transition and displacement around the periphery of the gateways with different coal thicknesses were investigated in details by means of in situ measurement and 3-D numerical simulation. The research shows that the stresses decrease in the two spallings of the headentry and floor at goal with the increase in mining thickness. The roof pressure in the gates does not change obviously with the coal thickness, but the thicker the coal seam is, the farther the maximum stress will apply to the coal rib at the working face. The vertical stress is higher than the horizontal stress at two spallings of the gate, while its horizontal stress is higher than the vertical stress at the roof. The relative displacement between the roof and floor and the two spallings in the gateways increases gradually with the increase in coal seam thickness in a definite range in front of the face. Near the mining face, the stress decreases in the surrounding rock of the gates, while the deformation appears the most intensive. It is proposed that the support concept to the tailentry and headentry should be changed from loading control to deformation control.

Research on mechanism of mountain landslide due to underground mining

The basics of mining landslides were first summed up based on the analysis ofactual materials by the application of mining subsidence and landslide theories. Further,the mechanism of along-layer landslide by mining was studied with the example of theXiangshan mining landslide at Hancheng, Shaanxi Province. Meanwhile, the state ofstress, and the mechanism of deformation and destruction of the Xiangshan mining slopewere analyzed by the Finite Element Method.

Stress spatial evolution law and rockburst danger induced by coal mining in fault zone

In order to explore the influence of coal mining disturbance on the rockburst occurring in fault zone, this research constructed a mechanical model for the evolution of fault stress, and analyzed the influence of the ratio of horizontal stress to vertical stress on the stability of fault, and the spatial distribution of the stress in fault zone as well as its evolution rule. Furthermore, the rockburst danger at different spatial areas of fault zone was predicated. Results show that: when both sides of the working face are mined out, the fault zone in the working face presents greater horizontal and vertical stresses at its boundaries but exhibits smaller stresses in its middle section; however, the ratio of horizontal stress to vertical stress is found to be greater at middle section and smaller at boundaries. As the working face advances towards the fault, the horizontal and vertical stresses of the fault firstly increases and then decreases; conversely,the ratio of horizontal stress to vertical stress keeps decreasing all the time. Therefore, if the fault zones are closer to the goaf and the coal wall, the stress ratio will be smaller, and the fault slip will be more prone to occur, therefore rockburst danger will be greater. This research results provide guidance for the rockburst prevention and hazard control of the coal mining in fault zone.

Patterns governing distribution of surrounding-rock stress and strata behaviors of fully-mechanized caving faces

By employing numerical modeling, similar material simulation and comprehen-sive field observation, investigations were made and patterns were obtained governing surrounding-rock stress distribution and strata behaviors. It shows that patterns governing displacement of FMC roadway surrounding rocks and those governing deformation of supports are basically the same along the strike, but the displacements vary greatly. The front stresses affect greater areas than the lateral stresses and their limit widths of equilib-rium zones and K are almost similar. The stress transmits very deep. Our findings offer scientific basis on which to determine parameters for coal pillar retaining and for roadway out-laying, thus increasing the recovery ratio and improving the maintenance of roadway.

Pore pressure fluctuations of overlying aquifer during residual coal mining and water-soil stress coupling analysis

Three test models and a simulation model were constructed based on the prevailing conditions of the Taiping coalmine in order to analyze pore pressure fluctuations of an overlying aquifer during residual coal mining. As well, the relation between pore pressure and soil stress was evaluated. The model tests show the vibrations of pore pressure and soil stress as a result of mining activities. The simulation model tells of the response characteristics of pore pressure after mining and its distribution in the sand aquifer. The comparative analysis reveals that pore pressure and soil stress vibration are activated by unexpected events occurring in mines, such as collapsing roofs. An increased pore pressure zone always lies above the wall in front or behind the working face of a mine. Both pore pressure and vertical stress result in increasing and decreasing processes during movements of the working face of a mine. The vibration of pore pressure always precedes soil stress in the same area and ends with a sharp decline. Changes in pore pressure of sand aquifer are limited to the area of stress changes. Obvious changes are largely located in a very small frame over the mining face.

Characteristics and applications of gas desorption with excavation disturbances in coal mining

According to the deficiency of experiment system for gas adsorption and desorption in coal mass, a large scale experiment system is developed independently by researchers. This experiment system is composed of primary and auxiliary boxes, power transmission system, mining system, loading system, gas charging system, data monitoring and intelligent acquisition system. The maximum experiment coal consumption is 1200 kg, the mining system is developed to conduct experiment for gas desorption under excavating disturbance, and the plane-charging cribriform ventilation device is developed to realize uniform ventilation for experiment coal sample, which is accord with the actual gas source situation of coal bed. The desorption characteristics of gas in coal are experimentally studied under the conditions of nature and mining using the experiment system. The results show that, compare with nature condition, the permeability of coal and the velocity of gas desorption could significantly increase under the influence of coal pressure relief and destruction caused by mining, and the degree of gas desorption could somewhat increase too. Finally, pressure relief gas extraction of current seam and adjacent seams after mining in a certain coal mine of Yangquan mining area are introduced, and the gas desorption experiment results is verified by analyzing the effect of gas extraction.

Finite element analysis of high-pressure hose for radial horizontal wells in coalbed methane extraction

Based on the serial-parallel model of single-layer board and the lamination theory, the forces exerted on different layers of the high-pressure hose and the resulting deformations were analyzed when the hose was radially stretched. An equation was proposed to calculate the anisotropic elastic constant of the composite layer with the wound steel wires. Furthermore, the finite element analysis （FEA） model of the high-pressure hose was established, followed by a simulation of the forces that act on different layers, and their deformations. The simulation results show that the stress imposed on the inner reinforced layer and external reinforced layer of the high-pressure hose are approximately 150 MPa and 115 MPa, respectively, in the presence of inner pressure. The stress of the rubber coating and polyethylene coating is lower. The lowest stress occurs on the inner surface of the high-pressure hose and the rubber coating between the two composite layers. The deformation of the rubber layer in the inner surface of the high-pressure hose decreases gradually along the radial direction from the inner surface to the external surface. The deformation of the reinforced composite layer is less than that of the external surface of the rubber coating. The equivalent stress of the reinforced composite layer is higher than that caused by the inner pressure, due to the presence of both inner pressure and axial tension.