The hyperspectral reflectance of the canopy and the leaves on the main stemfor six varieties, two each of rice corn, and cotton crops, were measured at different growth stageswith an ASD FieldSpec Pro FR^(TM) to analy...The hyperspectral reflectance of the canopy and the leaves on the main stemfor six varieties, two each of rice corn, and cotton crops, were measured at different growth stageswith an ASD FieldSpec Pro FR^(TM) to analyze red edge characteristics forleaf area indices (LAI),aboveground biomass, as well as the chlorophyll, carotenoid, and nitrogen content, emphasizingcomparative differences on the red edge parameters. The results showed a 'double peak' phenomenonfor the red edge of the canopy spectra but not for the leaves. There were 'increase' and 'decrease'change rules for the red edge position, lambda_r, the red edge slope, D lambda_r, and the red edgearea, S_r, of the canopy spectra for all 3 crops with a 'blue shift' for lambda_r of the leafspectra for all 3 crops as the development stages progressed. For rice, corn, and cotton the LAI andfresh leaf mass had highly significant correlations (P < 0.01) to the red edge parameters lambda_r,D lambda_r, and S_r of their canopy spectra. Additionally, for all crops the chlorophyll-a,chlorophyll-b, total chlorophyll, and carotenoid content of the leaves all had highly significant (P< 0.01) correlations to their lambda_r. For rice, the nitrogen content of the leaves in g kg^(-1)and phytomassfor a unit area of land in g m^(-2) also had a highly significant (P < 0.01)correlation to lambda_r, D lambda_r lambda_r, and S_r of the canopy spectra.展开更多
In the present study, the genetic diversity of one selected strain （Pujiang No. 1）, two domesticated populations （GA and HX） and four wild populations （LZ, YN, SS and JL） of blunt snout bream （Megalobrama ambly...In the present study, the genetic diversity of one selected strain （Pujiang No. 1）, two domesticated populations （GA and HX） and four wild populations （LZ, YN, SS and JL） of blunt snout bream （Megalobrama amblycephala） was analyzed using 17 microsatellite markers. The results showed that an average of 4.88-7.65 number of alleles （A）; an average of 3.20-5.33 effective alleles （Ne）; average observed beterozygosity （Ho） of 0.6985-0.9044; average expected beterozygosity （He） of 0.6501--0.7805; and the average polymorphism information content （PIC） at 0.5706-0.7226. Pairwise FST value between populations ranged from 0.0307-0.1451, and Nei＇s standard genetic distance between populations was 0.0938-0.4524. The expected heterozygosities in the domesticated populations （GA and HX） were significantly lower than those found in three wild populations （LZ, SS and JL）, but no difference was detected when compared with the wild YN population. Likewise, no difference was found between the four wild populations or two domesticated populations. The expected heterozygosity in Pujiang No. 1 was higher than the two domesticated populations and lower than the four wild populations. Regarding pairwise Fsr value between populations, permutation test P-values were significant between the GA, HX and PJ populations, but not between the four wild populations. These results showed that the expected beterozygosity in the selected strain of blunt snout bream, after seven generations of selective breeding, was lower than that of wild populations, but this strain retains higher levels of genetic diversity than domesticated populations. The genetic differences and differentiation amongst wild populations, domesticated populations and the genetically improved strain of blunt snout bream will provide important conservation criteria and guide the utilization of germplasm resources.展开更多
We employ the invariant eigen-operator （lEO） method to find the invariant eigen-operators of N-body singular oscillators＇ Hamiltonians and then derive their energy gaps. The Hamiltonians of parametric amplifiers wi...We employ the invariant eigen-operator （lEO） method to find the invariant eigen-operators of N-body singular oscillators＇ Hamiltonians and then derive their energy gaps. The Hamiltonians of parametric amplifiers with singular potential are also discussed in this way.展开更多
By analyzing GPS, leveling and gravity observation data from the Minle, Huazangsi and Shagouhe profiles across the Qilian Mountain-Haiyuan fault during 2005 - 2009, the changes of these data and activity characteristi...By analyzing GPS, leveling and gravity observation data from the Minle, Huazangsi and Shagouhe profiles across the Qilian Mountain-Haiyuan fault during 2005 - 2009, the changes of these data and activity characteristics of the main faults in different time are obtained. The results show that the Changma-Erbo, Maomaoshan, Zhunglanghe and Haiyuan faults have been active in recent years. The relationship between the vertical displacement and mobile gravity data is analyzed, and the results reveal the gravity changes are mainly due to mass transfer. The results of GPS observation show that the direction of the horizontal movement velocity was almost along the fault strike in 2006 - 2007, while the horizontal velocity deviated from the fault direction in 2007 - 2008, characterized by increased eastward displacement. Further analysis upon removal of the linear trend on the time series of the N and E coordinate values of the continuous observation stations of the Crustal Movement Observation Network of China near the three profiles reveals that the Wenchuan earthquake had an effect on the observations in 2007 - 2008. Comparing the gravitational changes in 2008 - 2009 with the Bouguer gravity anomaly background, we find that the area near Minle profile is in the stage of adjustment and recovery, while the anomaly is not completely recovered around Huazangsi and Shagouhe profiles.展开更多
Buffaloes （Bubalus bubalis） are widely distributed and were introduced to Brazil in 1895. Most of the molecular genetic characterization of buffaloes has been done with cross-specific （cattle） markers, but few of ...Buffaloes （Bubalus bubalis） are widely distributed and were introduced to Brazil in 1895. Most of the molecular genetic characterization of buffaloes has been done with cross-specific （cattle） markers, but few of them include Brazilian populations. Nineteen commonly used cattle microsatellites were tested to develop a multiplexed set of microsatellites and characterize Brazilian buffalo. Three PCR mixes were finally developed with the 11 markers that succeed in amplify and were polymorphic （58%）. The average number of alleles was 5.42, with an average observed and expected heterocigozity of 0.441 and 0.695, respectively. As it was expected, Brazilian buffalo variability was lower than the previously reported from the domestication centres （China and India）, but higher than the seriously selected European populations. The exclusion power calculated for the eleven markers in Brazilian buffalo was 0.9999999996, this allows its use in DNA based traceability.展开更多
The ability to detect and identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) in a single population is often limited. Analyzing multiple populations in QTL analysis improves the power of detecting QTLs and provides a better unde...The ability to detect and identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) in a single population is often limited. Analyzing multiple populations in QTL analysis improves the power of detecting QTLs and provides a better understanding of their functional allelic variation and distribution. In this study, a consensus map of the common carp was constructed, based on four populations, to compare the distribution and variation of QTLs. The consensus map spans 2371.6 cM across the 42 linkage groups and comprises 257 microsatellites and 421 SNPs, with a mean marker interval of 3.7 cM/marker. Sixty-seven QTLs affecting four growth traits from the four populations were mapped to the consensus map. Only one QTL was common to three populations, and nine QTLs were detected in two populations. However, no QTL was common to all four populations. The results of the QTL comparison suggest that the QTLs are responsible for the phenotypic variability observed for these traits in a broad array of common carp germplasms. The study also reveals the different genetic performances between major and minor genes in different populations.展开更多
Median noise barriers, like parallel noise barriers, can be employed to reduce the impact of traffic on roadside communities via the direct propagation path. The performance of different shapes of median barriers was ...Median noise barriers, like parallel noise barriers, can be employed to reduce the impact of traffic on roadside communities via the direct propagation path. The performance of different shapes of median barriers was compared using reactive and passive surfaces and a 2D boundary element method (BEM). In the case of reactive surfaces, quadratic residue diffusers (QRDs) and primitive root diffusers (PRDs) were used on the top and stem surfaces of median barriers. To introduce passive barriers, two different absorbent materials including fibrous material and a grass surface with flow resistivity of 20 000 and 2500 kg/(s·m2), respectively, were similarly applied. The effect of thin absorptive barriers was similar at lower frequencies and better at mid and high frequencies to that of their equivalent rigid barriers. More improvement was achieved by covering the top surface of thick barriers with grass rather than with fibrous material. The performance of QRD and PRD barriers where the diffuser was located on the top surface was more frequency dependent than that of barriers coated with fibrous material. A comparison of the average A-weighted insertion loss in the thick barriers showed that the greatest improvement (2.59 dB (A)) was achieved using a barrier of 30-cm thickness covered with grass.展开更多
When dealing with regression analysis,heteroscedasticity is a problem that the authors have to face with.Especially if little information can be got in advance,detection of heteroscedasticity as well as estimation of ...When dealing with regression analysis,heteroscedasticity is a problem that the authors have to face with.Especially if little information can be got in advance,detection of heteroscedasticity as well as estimation of statistical models could be even more difficult.To this end,this paper proposes a quantile difference method(QDM) that can effectively estimate the heteroscedastic function.This method,being completely free from the estimation of mean regression function,is simple,robust and easy to implement.Moreover,the QDM method enables the detection of heteroscedasticity without any restrictions on error terms,consequently being widely applied.What is worth mentioning is that based on the proposed approach estimators of both mean regression function and heteroscedastic function can be obtained.In the end,the authors conduct some simulations to examine the performance of the proposed methods and use a real data to make an illustration.展开更多
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 40171065 and 40271078) the National '863' Project of China (Nos. 2002AA243011 and 2002AA130010).
文摘The hyperspectral reflectance of the canopy and the leaves on the main stemfor six varieties, two each of rice corn, and cotton crops, were measured at different growth stageswith an ASD FieldSpec Pro FR^(TM) to analyze red edge characteristics forleaf area indices (LAI),aboveground biomass, as well as the chlorophyll, carotenoid, and nitrogen content, emphasizingcomparative differences on the red edge parameters. The results showed a 'double peak' phenomenonfor the red edge of the canopy spectra but not for the leaves. There were 'increase' and 'decrease'change rules for the red edge position, lambda_r, the red edge slope, D lambda_r, and the red edgearea, S_r, of the canopy spectra for all 3 crops with a 'blue shift' for lambda_r of the leafspectra for all 3 crops as the development stages progressed. For rice, corn, and cotton the LAI andfresh leaf mass had highly significant correlations (P < 0.01) to the red edge parameters lambda_r,D lambda_r, and S_r of their canopy spectra. Additionally, for all crops the chlorophyll-a,chlorophyll-b, total chlorophyll, and carotenoid content of the leaves all had highly significant (P< 0.01) correlations to their lambda_r. For rice, the nitrogen content of the leaves in g kg^(-1)and phytomassfor a unit area of land in g m^(-2) also had a highly significant (P < 0.01)correlation to lambda_r, D lambda_r lambda_r, and S_r of the canopy spectra.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(30630051)Doctoral Research Initial Funding from Shanghai Ocean University(A-2400-11-0186)
文摘In the present study, the genetic diversity of one selected strain （Pujiang No. 1）, two domesticated populations （GA and HX） and four wild populations （LZ, YN, SS and JL） of blunt snout bream （Megalobrama amblycephala） was analyzed using 17 microsatellite markers. The results showed that an average of 4.88-7.65 number of alleles （A）; an average of 3.20-5.33 effective alleles （Ne）; average observed beterozygosity （Ho） of 0.6985-0.9044; average expected beterozygosity （He） of 0.6501--0.7805; and the average polymorphism information content （PIC） at 0.5706-0.7226. Pairwise FST value between populations ranged from 0.0307-0.1451, and Nei＇s standard genetic distance between populations was 0.0938-0.4524. The expected heterozygosities in the domesticated populations （GA and HX） were significantly lower than those found in three wild populations （LZ, SS and JL）, but no difference was detected when compared with the wild YN population. Likewise, no difference was found between the four wild populations or two domesticated populations. The expected heterozygosity in Pujiang No. 1 was higher than the two domesticated populations and lower than the four wild populations. Regarding pairwise Fsr value between populations, permutation test P-values were significant between the GA, HX and PJ populations, but not between the four wild populations. These results showed that the expected beterozygosity in the selected strain of blunt snout bream, after seven generations of selective breeding, was lower than that of wild populations, but this strain retains higher levels of genetic diversity than domesticated populations. The genetic differences and differentiation amongst wild populations, domesticated populations and the genetically improved strain of blunt snout bream will provide important conservation criteria and guide the utilization of germplasm resources.
基金The project supported by the Specialized Research Fund for the Doctorial Program of Higher Education of China
文摘We employ the invariant eigen-operator （lEO） method to find the invariant eigen-operators of N-body singular oscillators＇ Hamiltonians and then derive their energy gaps. The Hamiltonians of parametric amplifiers with singular potential are also discussed in this way.
基金sponsored by Special Scientific Research Project,China Earthquake Administration(200908029)National Natural Science Foundation of China(40674057)
文摘By analyzing GPS, leveling and gravity observation data from the Minle, Huazangsi and Shagouhe profiles across the Qilian Mountain-Haiyuan fault during 2005 - 2009, the changes of these data and activity characteristics of the main faults in different time are obtained. The results show that the Changma-Erbo, Maomaoshan, Zhunglanghe and Haiyuan faults have been active in recent years. The relationship between the vertical displacement and mobile gravity data is analyzed, and the results reveal the gravity changes are mainly due to mass transfer. The results of GPS observation show that the direction of the horizontal movement velocity was almost along the fault strike in 2006 - 2007, while the horizontal velocity deviated from the fault direction in 2007 - 2008, characterized by increased eastward displacement. Further analysis upon removal of the linear trend on the time series of the N and E coordinate values of the continuous observation stations of the Crustal Movement Observation Network of China near the three profiles reveals that the Wenchuan earthquake had an effect on the observations in 2007 - 2008. Comparing the gravitational changes in 2008 - 2009 with the Bouguer gravity anomaly background, we find that the area near Minle profile is in the stage of adjustment and recovery, while the anomaly is not completely recovered around Huazangsi and Shagouhe profiles.
文摘Buffaloes （Bubalus bubalis） are widely distributed and were introduced to Brazil in 1895. Most of the molecular genetic characterization of buffaloes has been done with cross-specific （cattle） markers, but few of them include Brazilian populations. Nineteen commonly used cattle microsatellites were tested to develop a multiplexed set of microsatellites and characterize Brazilian buffalo. Three PCR mixes were finally developed with the 11 markers that succeed in amplify and were polymorphic （58%）. The average number of alleles was 5.42, with an average observed and expected heterocigozity of 0.441 and 0.695, respectively. As it was expected, Brazilian buffalo variability was lower than the previously reported from the domestication centres （China and India）, but higher than the seriously selected European populations. The exclusion power calculated for the eleven markers in Brazilian buffalo was 0.9999999996, this allows its use in DNA based traceability.
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China (2010CB126305)the Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest (200903045)National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (2011AA100402)
文摘The ability to detect and identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) in a single population is often limited. Analyzing multiple populations in QTL analysis improves the power of detecting QTLs and provides a better understanding of their functional allelic variation and distribution. In this study, a consensus map of the common carp was constructed, based on four populations, to compare the distribution and variation of QTLs. The consensus map spans 2371.6 cM across the 42 linkage groups and comprises 257 microsatellites and 421 SNPs, with a mean marker interval of 3.7 cM/marker. Sixty-seven QTLs affecting four growth traits from the four populations were mapped to the consensus map. Only one QTL was common to three populations, and nine QTLs were detected in two populations. However, no QTL was common to all four populations. The results of the QTL comparison suggest that the QTLs are responsible for the phenotypic variability observed for these traits in a broad array of common carp germplasms. The study also reveals the different genetic performances between major and minor genes in different populations.
基金Project (No.8707) supported by the Tehran University of Medical Sciences,Iran
文摘Median noise barriers, like parallel noise barriers, can be employed to reduce the impact of traffic on roadside communities via the direct propagation path. The performance of different shapes of median barriers was compared using reactive and passive surfaces and a 2D boundary element method (BEM). In the case of reactive surfaces, quadratic residue diffusers (QRDs) and primitive root diffusers (PRDs) were used on the top and stem surfaces of median barriers. To introduce passive barriers, two different absorbent materials including fibrous material and a grass surface with flow resistivity of 20 000 and 2500 kg/(s·m2), respectively, were similarly applied. The effect of thin absorptive barriers was similar at lower frequencies and better at mid and high frequencies to that of their equivalent rigid barriers. More improvement was achieved by covering the top surface of thick barriers with grass rather than with fibrous material. The performance of QRD and PRD barriers where the diffuser was located on the top surface was more frequency dependent than that of barriers coated with fibrous material. A comparison of the average A-weighted insertion loss in the thick barriers showed that the greatest improvement (2.59 dB (A)) was achieved using a barrier of 30-cm thickness covered with grass.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No.11271368the Major Program of Beijing Philosophy and Social Science Foundation of China under Grant No.15ZDA17+3 种基金the Specialized Research Fund for the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China under Grant No.20130004110007the Key Program of National Philosophy and Social Science Foundation under Grant No.13AZD064the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,and the Research Funds of Renmin University of China under Grant No.15XNL008the Project of Flying Apsaras Scholar of Lanzhou University of Finance & Economics
文摘When dealing with regression analysis,heteroscedasticity is a problem that the authors have to face with.Especially if little information can be got in advance,detection of heteroscedasticity as well as estimation of statistical models could be even more difficult.To this end,this paper proposes a quantile difference method(QDM) that can effectively estimate the heteroscedastic function.This method,being completely free from the estimation of mean regression function,is simple,robust and easy to implement.Moreover,the QDM method enables the detection of heteroscedasticity without any restrictions on error terms,consequently being widely applied.What is worth mentioning is that based on the proposed approach estimators of both mean regression function and heteroscedastic function can be obtained.In the end,the authors conduct some simulations to examine the performance of the proposed methods and use a real data to make an illustration.
