汉代信仰风俗与班固及其《汉书》

汉代社会是一个“鬼神术教之世界”,其信仰风俗深刻影响到了班固的思想观念和《汉书》的写人叙事。这种影响突出表现为:书中时人物音容仪貌的描写往往带有神秘色彩,兼有暗示其人品性、未来的作用;其叙事过程中则多用带有俗信仰意味的预兆、预言来暗示、照应人物命运和事件结局,从而使《汉书》写人叙事别具特色。

基诺族巫师产生的背景层次

本文认为,种种传统的异兆奇遇,是基诺族巫师产生的表层背景,这一表层背景的特点,首要的不是主观上的迷狂变态,而是客观上的异兆奇遇。巫师产生的中层背景,是奇遇者在具有成为巫师先兆的体验后,必须按传统贯例经历几个步骤,得到社会的认可。基诺族口碑长诗《忆思杯》是巫师产生的中表层背景与深层背景相互联系的纽带,它丰富生动的内容与巫师产生深层背景的心理核心联系在一起,构成了巫师产生背景的第三个层次。第四个层次是内隐性的心理观念,对基诺族来说主要是人们的生命观念,这也就是基诺族巫师产生的深层背景。

甲骨文兆辞“不■”述议

文章讨论了甲骨文常见兆辞“不■”,认为■字下部为樴代象形,上部为“午”(杵),是“樴”的异体,可读为异常的“异”;■为蜘蛛的象形,是“■”的象形初文,可读为“兆”,《说文》“读若朝”的“鼂”和炊灶的“灶”字实应从“■”得声。兆辞“不■”即“不异兆”,表示不异常、没有异常的兆象,与“大吉”“引吉”等兆辞相似。“不异兆”一般刻在兆序之旁,与“二告”无关。卜人可能先刻兆序,后将兆辞“不异兆”刻于兆序之旁,但不是每一次卜兆都会记刻兆辞。

《红楼梦》与中医药(之一百一十五) 一碗“鸡髓笋”讨贾母欢心

《红楼梦》第七十五回"开夜宴异兆发悲音赏中秋新词得佳谶"中描写,贾母用膳,各房皆按惯例孝敬了几道菜品,"说话之间,早有媳妇丫鬟们抬过饭桌来,王夫人尤氏等忙上来放箸捧饭。贾母见自己的几色菜已摆完,另有两大捧盒内捧了几色菜来,便知是各房另外孝敬的旧规矩。

《禅真逸史》与《禅真后史》之续写关系研究

清溪道人编撰的《禅真逸史》与《禅真后史》这两部作品在人物、内容、叙事手法及思想方面都有其密切联系。

Description of a new parthenogenetic species of Thalassaphorura (Collembola: Onychiuridae) from East China, with DNA barcoding analyses

Thalassaphorura houtanensis sp. nov. from Shanghai, East China is described. It is similar to T. encarpata （Denis, 1931） in having labial palp of type A and the same pseudocelli formula on the body. It can be distinguished by the shape of unguis, chaetotaxy of labium, maxillary out lobe and ventral tube. It was confirmed as an absolutely parthenogenetic species after a reproduction test in the lab. In addition, the DNA barcoding sequences of this new species were sequenced and analyzed. The intraspecific genetic divergence is 0.18% on average and ranges from zero to 0.46%.

Assessing the Impacts of Initial Snow Conditions over the Tibetan Plateau on China Precipitation Prediction Using a Global Climate Model

Two ensemble experiments were conducted using a general atmospheric circulation model. These experiments were used to investigate the impacts of initial snow anomalies over the Tibetan Plateau(TP) on China precipitation prediction. In one of the experiments, the initial snow conditions over the TP were climatological values; while in the other experiment, the initial snow anomalies were snow depth estimates derived from the passive microwave remote-sensing data. In the current study, the difference between these two experiments was assessed to evaluate the impact of initial snow anomalies over the TP on simulated precipitation. The results indicated that the model simulation for precipitation over eastern China had certain improvements while applying a more realistic initial snow anomaly, especially for spring precipitation over Northeast China and North China and for summer precipitation over North China and Southeast China. The results suggest that seasonal prediction could be enhanced by using more realistic initial snow conditions over TP, and microwave remote-sensing snow data could be used to initialize climate models and improve the simulation of eastern China precipitation during spring and summer. Further analyses showed that higher snow anomalies over TP cooled the surface, resulting in lower near- surface air temperature over the TP in spring and summer. The surface cooling over TP weakened the Asian summer monsoon and brought more precipitation in South China in spring and more precipitation to Southeast China during summer.

Abnormal Phenomena of Volume Strain before Large Earthquakes

This paper studies the imminent anomalies observed by the Sacks volume strainmeter in Erzhangying station and Tiantanghe station before 80 earthquakes with Ms≥ 7. 0 which took place from January 2011 to April 2014 all over the world. Then, preconditions for anomaly identification are put forward for complex earthquake cases. Statistical results show that volume strain observation has a better earthquake reflecting ability for earthquakes with magnitudes larger than 7. 0 and epicentral distance within 8000kin. In addition, these results also reflect that the volume strain observation can better reflect precursory anomalies of such earthquakes. Based on categorization and description of those anomalies, we divide the anomalies into three types, that is, earth tide distortion type, abrupt change type and slow earthquake type. Furthermore, the paper makes a statistical analysis of these types and preliminarily discusses their mechanical properties as well. According to research, volume strain anomaly has an indicative significance to future strong earthquakes in the world.

A Study on the Characteristics of Anomalies and Their Dynamic Relationship before the April 14, 2010 M_S 7.1 Yushu Earthquake

The authors studied the seismic activity, precursory anomalies and abnormal animal behavior before the April 14, 2010 Ms 7.1 Yushu earthquake. Analysis showed that anomalies were not rich before the Ms 7.1 Yushu earthquake, but prominent anomalies were observed, such as the long and mid-term trend anomaly characterized by the seismic quiescence of Ms6. 0, MsS. 0 and Ms4.0 earthquakes, and the anomalies in precursor observation of surface water temperature in Yushu and Delingha and electromagnetic measurement in Ping＇an. There were a large number of animal behavior anomalies appearing one week before the earthquake. An M4.7 earthquake occurred 130 minutes before the main shock. In this paper, we studied the dynamic process of the Yushu earthquake preparation using the earthquake focal mechanism solutions on the Bayan Har block boundary since 1996. The results show that the Kalakunlun M7.1 earthquake in 1996, the Mani M7.5 earthquake and the Yushu Ms7.1 earthquake have the same dynamic process. Long and mid-term trend anomalies may be related to the dynamics of evolution of different earthquakes. This paper also discusses the recurrence interval of strong earthquakes, foreshock identification and precursor observation of the Yushu Ms7. 1 earthquake.

Characteristic Analysis of Anomalies of Strong Earthquakes along the Tancheng-Lujiang Fault Zone and Both Its Sides

This article made a systematic statistical analysis on the duration,spatial distribution,form,range,type and reliability of precursory anomalies based on the observations of precursors of 24 moderate-strong earthquakes occurring along the Tancheng-Lujiang fault zone and its bilateral areas in Shandong,Liaoning,Hebei,Jiangsu and Jiangxi Provinces in the period from 1966 to 2005. Results show that:( 1) For M7. 0 and M6. 0earthquakes,med-term abnormities are the greatest in number,short-term abnormities come second,and imminent anomalies are the least. For M5. 0 earthquakes,short-term abnormities are often the most in number,imminent anomalies come second,and the med-term ones are the least.( 2) Precursory anomalies are periodical,part of the med and short-term anomalies are shown as short-term and imminent anomalies during their development.( 3) The development of precursor shows quasi-synchronism; the closer to earthquake occurrence time,the more turning changes of anomalies will appear.( 4)Anomalies mainly occur within an epicenter distance of 100 km, showing a relative concentrated distribution in space,and the shorter the distance to epicenter,the higher the anomaly station / item rate.( 5) The spatial distribution of anomalies is relatively correlated to the strike of structures,having a good consistency with the structure.( 6)There is no significant correlation between duration of abnormities and the epicenter distance.( 7) The higher the magnitude of the earthquake,the greater the amplitude of the abnormities measured with the same observation approach.( 8) In terms of the itemsof the observations,fluid abnormities are the greatest in number,followed by deformation and electromagnetism observations.( 9) For all observation items,med and short-term abnormities make up the majority and short-term and imminent anomalies the minority.( 10) In fluid,deformation and electromagnetism observations,fairly reliable anomalies are about double the number of reliable anomalies.

The Characteristics of the Precursory Anomaly prior to the Yiliang Earthquakes,Yunnan,China on September 7,2012

An analysis was carried out on the seismic activity and the precursory anomaly prior to the earthquakes in Yiliang on September 7,2012. The characteristics of the seismic activity,the dynamic changes of underground fluid and deformation were investigated. As a result of the investigation,we found that: before the earthquake,the seismicity level of M4. 0earthquakes had enhanced,and seismic gap of a small earthquake had appeared; the precursory anomalies emerged about 1 year before the earthquake; there was phenomenon of short-term anomaly migrating from the periphery to the epicenter area; the imminent anomaly appeared in a relatively concentrated period of time, a week before the earthquake. The research has shown a significant guidance for the analysis and prediction of strong earthquakes( Ml> 5. 0).

Short-term Earthquake Prediction in the Sichuan-Yunnan Region Using the Method of Modulated Earthquakes

By scanning modulated or un-modulated earthquakes spatio-temporally in the region of Sichuan-Yunnan,short-term non-stationary seismic precursory patterns were extracted with significant difference and the characteristic of non-stationary short-term seismic anomalies were analyzed as well as prediction efficiency of modulated small earthquakes before a strong earthquake. Besides,small earthquake modulation ratios near the region of the epicenter were calculated and sorted by time. The results indicated that there were significant effects using the modulated earthquake method to predict earthquakes greater than MS6. 0 in a short time. Before the MS8. 0 Wenchuan earthquake,there were obvious short-term precursory seismicity gap patterns of modulated small earthquakes.

The Contrast Study of Precursor Anomalies before the M_S 8. 0 Wenchuan Earthquake

The contrast research results show that the number of items and stations with imminent, short and medium term precursor anomalies for the Wenchuan M_S 8. 0 earthquake is less than that of the Menglian earthquake. The number of anomalies and stations associated with the Wenchuan earthquake increased in the early stage of the short-term range,as opposed to the later period for the Menglian and Lijiang earthquakes. Most of the medium term anomalies occurred two to three years before the Wenchuan earthquake,when the number of anomaly stations and items was eleven,and a great change appeared in the observation values in about half of the stations ( items ) . However,for the Menglian earthquake,medium term anomalies happened one to two years before the earthquake, the number of abnormal stations and items reached 20,and a sharp change appeared in the observation values six months to one year before the earthquake in about 30 percent of the stations or items. In the epicenter and the nearby area,the macroscopic abnormalities started 3 years before the Wenchuan earthquake and lasted intermittently until 1 month before the earthquake. Within 2 percent of the total area of the province,the macroscopic abnormalities accounted for 30 to 50 percent of the total number of anomalies of the Province. For the Xingtai,Tangshan,Haicheng,Songpan earthquakes,the macroscopic anomalies started two to three months before,or on the very day of the earthquakes. The common feature of the precursors between the Wenchuan and other strong earthquakes is the appearance of tremendous changes in a certain number of observation values of anomalies in the mid and short terms before all these earthquakes.

Study of the Gravity Changes before and after the Jingtai M_S5.9 Earthquake

By systematically analyzing the data of gravity reiteration in the Hexi region and taking a dynamic viewpoint, we have studied the evolution characters of gravity field during the preparation-occurrence of the Jingtai M S5.9 earthquake of June 6, 2000. The patterns of dynamic change of the gravity field clearly reflected how the gravity field evolved from the quasi-homogeneous state to non-homogeneous state for earthquake preparation and then the earthquake occurred. Besides, we have also studied the relation between the characteristic gravity change and strong earthquake activity.

Characteristics of Far-field Precursory Anomalies Before the M_S8.1 Earthquake in the West of Kunlun Mountains Pass

In this study, a number of typical precursory anomalies recorded by stations in Qinghai, Gansu, Sichuan, Xinjiang, Ningxia, Hebei and Shaanxi provinces and autonomous regions before the Ms8.1 earthquake in the west of Kunlun Mountains Pass are collected and checked. According to the standards of earthquake cases in China, the criteria of the precursory anomalies are determined, and 53 distinguished. The characteristics of these anomalies before the Ms S. 1 earthquake are analyzed, with results showing a very large earthquake affected area. The precursory anomalies recorded by instruments were 2900 km away from the epicenter, and according to the study in this paper, reached 2100 km away. The results also show that the anomalies present characteristics of long duration, multi-measurement items and large-amplitude variation. The authors believe that in large earthquake monitoring, attention should be paid to the variation of data over a large area, ranging up to thousands kilometers, with much denser earthquake observation networks.

Seismic Sequence Characteristics and Precursory Anomalies of the M_S6.3 and M_S6.4 Da Qaidam Earthquakes in 2008～2009

In this paper,the seismogenic structures of the Da Qaidam strong earthquakes are preliminarily discussed by using the regional seismotectonic data and focal mechanism solutions. Analysis is done on the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of the two strong earthquake sequences in Da Qaidam in combination with the sequence distribution characteristics of the M6. 6 earthquake of 2003 and the five strong earthquakes of about M5. 0 in 2004 in Delingha. At the same time,the regional characteristics of the historical seismic activity are also investigated. Preliminary analysis is done on the influence of the two M8. 0 earthquakes in the past 10 years on this region. Precursory anomalies and their characteristics are discussed in combination with the analysis of the precursor observation data of Qinghai Province.

Analysis of Sacks Body Strain Interference at Beida No.200 Station in Changping and Earthquake Case Study

The relationship between Sacks body strain deformation at Beida No. 200 station in Changping and tidal solids,atmospheric pressure and water level is analyzed in this paper. Sacks body strain deformation data before the M_S8. 0 Wenchuan earthquake is studied based on the analysis of the interference. The short-impending anomaly of the body strain deformation is considered to be reliable. The anomaly characteristics conclude:( 1) The trend anomaly as extensional change of the body strain deformations on a quasi 1 year time scale before the Wenchuan earthquake was recorded, and the accumulative amount was about 4000 × 10^(-9). Correspondingly,the short-term precursor of earthquake was manifested as an extensional abrupt change.( 2) The extensional intermittent anomalous abrupt change was recorded by body strainmeters between March1 and May 7 in 2008.( 3) Four compressional abrupt changes were recorded in the intermittent distortions recorded between April 13 and May 11.( 4) High frequency components were increased in the distortion process in May 1 to 3,5,7,and 9 to 12,caused by slow earthquakes before the Wenchuan earthquake according to wavelet analysis. The abnormal phenomena are summarized and the mechanics discussed in this paper. Strain solid tide distortions in body strain observations,the continuous repeated extensional and compressional abrupt changes accompanying these distortions,and the increase of high frequency components can be regarded as the index of short term and impending earthquake prediction,based on analysis of interference factors such as air pressure and water level.

《红楼梦》后四十回的一个笔误

《红楼梦》后四十回为高鹗所续,这已为许多学者、专家所认定。近来读《红》发现,即使是名家妙手的高鹗也有笔误。《红》书第一百一回“大观园月夜警幽魂,散花寺神签惊异兆”(人民文学出版社一九五九年北京版,四卷本第1182页),前后一照应,就可看出,高鹗笔下的月亮差了半个多月的“节气”。

一些报道中宣传封建迷信值得注意

最近一段时间以来,部分新闻媒介在报道中出现宣传封建迷信的现象,值得引起注意。 下面略举几例: 某报报道某地又发现“人形”何首乌。在其作“真实”的报道之后进而“画龙点睛”般地推测,某地可能真的是“灵气”“福气”笼罩,否则哪来的维妙维肖的“人形”何首乌?这不是“吉兆”“异兆”是什么?报道者唯恐报道的力度还不够。

Uncertainty and universality in the power-law singularity as a precursor of catastrophic rupture

The prediction of catastrophic rupture of heterogeneous brittle material has been investigated by researchers in the past.In this work,the acoustic emission generated by marble samples under compression was analyzed to verify a power law singularity of index 1/2 as a catastrophe precursor.It is found that prior to catastrophe,the variation of the system response to the controlling parameter follows a power law of negative index,which proves the power law singularity as a common precursor of catastrophe.However,the power indexes vary with variables and samples.The uncertainty reflects sample specificity of an evolution induced catastrophe (EIC) process.