关系向度的扬弃——对卢卡奇“物化”概念与马克思“异化”思想的勘探

本文主要参照卢卡奇“物化”概念与早期马克思的“自我异化”思想的主客体的关系向度，对两者进行了比较，进而指出马克思的“异化”思想在后期走向了“交往异化”的向度，而卢卡奇对“物化”概念也有所扬弃。

弗洛姆与卢卡奇异化理论的差异性探究

早期西方马克思主义代表卢卡奇和法兰克福学派的重要代表弗洛姆都对马克思的异化理论有所继承,也都对20世纪新出现的异化现象进行了深入的研究,二者都通过异化理论对当今资本主义展开了深刻的批判。但是,他们异化理论产生的时代背景、对异化现象的关注、关于异化原因的分析及消除异化途径的探讨又表现出很大的不同。本文旨在比较弗洛姆与卢卡奇异化理论的异同,使人们对当代的异化现象有新的认识。

马克思异化理论视阈下“富士康事件”深层思考

富士康员工跳楼事件引起社会极大关注,决不能把这类事件当做偶然发生的个例事件来看待。应该以马克思主义异化、物化等理论为指导,立足中国现代化的历史进程、中国转型期发展的宏观背景冷静思考。反思西方近现代资本主义工业化进程的经验教训,根本转变"以物为本"的发展观念,真正坚持"以人为本"为核心的科学发展观,努力实现全面、协调、可持续的和谐发展。

物化与异化:一种历史唯物主义的科学观察——孙伯鍨《卢卡奇与马克思》研究

孙伯鍨先生运用历史唯物主义的方法,对比卢卡奇与马克思在对待物化和异化问题上诸多差异,批判性地分析了卢卡奇理论中存在的问题。他认为,马克思在自己中期经济学研究中重新使用的异化概念,与他早先在《1844年经济学哲学手稿》的人本主义异化史观是完全异质的,这杜绝了那种用人本主义重构马克思的偏向;而卢卡奇在《历史与阶级意识》一书中混淆了物化与异化的关系,没有区分客观历史规律与特定历史现象,这导致他仅仅从抽象的价值尺度出发,将独立于人的物质存在和物质规律一概视为是与人相异化的现象,这就是唯心主义的方法论。

Chalcogenide-based S-scheme heterojunction photocatalysts

The unique photocatalytic mechanism of S-scheme heterojunction can be used to study new and efficient photocatalysts.By carefully selecting semiconductors for S-scheme heterojunction photo-catalysts,it is possible to reduce the rate of photogenerated carrier recombination and increase the conversion efficiency of light into energy.Chalcogenides are a group of compounds that include sulfides and selenides(e.g.,CdS,ZnS,Bi_(2)S_(3),MoS_(2),ZnSe,CdSe,and CuSe).Chalcogenides have at-tracted considerable attention as heterojunction photocatalysts owing to their narrow bandgap,wide light absorption range,and excellent photoreduction properties.This paper presents a thor-ough analysis of S-scheme heterojunction photocatalysts based on chalcogenides.Following an introduction to the fundamental characteristics and benefits of S-scheme heterojunction photocata-lysts,various chalcogenide-based S-scheme heterojunction photocatalyst synthesis techniques are summarized.These photocatalysts are used in numerous significant photocatalytic reactions,in-cluding the reduction of carbon dioxide,synthesis of hydrogen peroxide,conversion of organic matter,generation of hydrogen from water,nitrogen fixation,degradation of organic pollutants,and sterilization.In addition,cutting-edge characterization techniques,including in situ characterization techniques,are discussed to validate the steady and transient states of photocatalysts with an S-scheme heterojunction.Finally,the design and challenges of chalcogenide-based S-scheme het-erojunction photocatalysts are explored and recommended in light of state-of-the-art research.

晚期资本主义的异化理论与现实——一个当代革命家视域中的马克思主义异化论

埃内斯特·曼德尔(1923—1995)是当代"第四国际"即托派运动的主要领袖和思想家,对当代晚期资本主义和传统官僚社会主义的批判是其思想之两翼,革命理论则是联结这两翼的枢纽。对马克思主义异化论的阐发是其批判理论的重要内容之一。在现实层面,曼德尔从资本主义基本经济制度出发分析了晚期资本主义社会中的四种异化形式及其根源;在理论层面,曼德尔分析了异化理论在马克思的整个思想历程中矛盾性的发展与转变,并据此揭示了对马克思异化论的各种错误理解背后所代表的不同阶级利益。与"西方马克思主义"相比,曼德尔的马克思主义异化观具有明确的实践指向性和彻底革命性。

社会新视域下浅析卢卡奇物化理论的理论与实践意义

在我国经济腾飞、科学技术突飞猛进、各个方面都在逐渐地走向前列的时代大背景下,卢卡奇理论对发展中国特色社会主义和发展市场经济仍然具有指导意义。卢卡奇在青年时就已经在《历史与阶级意识》一书中提到过了物化理论,物化理论的含义是人自己的活动,人自己的劳动,作为某种客观的东西,某种异于人的东西,反过来统治人。在正式出版《1844年经济学和哲学手稿》之前,卢卡奇就意识到了物质化现象、阶级意识以及历史整体性的辩证法,他的代表作《历史和阶级意识》同时也被称为《西方马克思主义圣经》,在西方马克思主义思想发展史中起着重要作用。他批判了资本主义社会中的商品拜物教现象,卢卡奇指出,在资本主义的物质生产过程中,人与人之间的社会关系具有了一种物的属性,指出这种现象其实是一种人的主体地位的丧失。卢卡奇的物化理论也被后来的法兰克福学派为代表的西方马克思主义学者所尊崇,即使是在今天也仍有其现实意义。

“劳动社会化”:被隐匿的场域逻辑——马克思“物化-异化”理论再探

场域实践性作为场域逻辑的核心是主体在特定客观空间中的特有的置身性活动。马克思的重要著作尤其是《资本论》的总问题是"劳动社会化",指涉的是场域的置身性实践。然而,"劳动社会化"在资本主义的场域中是被遮蔽的不在场事物。"劳动社会化"为"物的社会化"所统治,沦为被隐匿的场域逻辑。置身性主体的实践活动,不仅是"异化"的,更是"物化-异化"的。作为资本社会物体系的"金锁链"的第一个逻辑链条,商品及其价值公式深藏着"劳动社会化"被掩埋至昏暗的不在场者之境地的秘密。通过对资本社会的四重物化体系的分析,以及对作为"物体系"首要环节的商品价值公式所体现的物化关系分析,马克思揭露了置身性劳动者的活劳动、劳动对象、劳动产品乃至整个世界历史被"物化-异化"的原因。"物化-异化"与扬弃"物化-异化"的道路是一致的,被隐匿的场域逻辑因此走向澄明。

论《推销员之死》的悲剧意义

不可摆脱的生存困境是人类悲剧的根源。《推销员之死》的悲剧性在于美国梦这个人人都想实现的却只有极少部分人才能实现的大骗局对人的异化和物化,其中体现的人的勇气、信心和信念才是该剧的悲剧意义。

西方马克思主义的批判理论:甄别与借鉴

20世纪西方马克思主义作为一股批判的思潮与西方科学主义和人本主义两大哲学思潮形成鼎足之势,其批判的锋芒直指发达资本主义社会及其所谓现代性,形成对异化、科技、文化、消费、生态和社会心理等多个主题的批判。这种批判与马克思在19世纪对自由资本主义的批判具有关联性,对于剖析我国现代化某些负面因素有启示作用,但其本身的过激言行使它堕入了形而上学,从而与马克思的批判理论存在本质区别。

Fabrication of a β-Bi_2O_3/BiOI heterojunction and its efficient photocatalysis for organic dye removal

To improve β-Bi2O3 photocatalysis,we couple β-Bi2O3 with BiO I to form β-Bi2O3/BiO I heterojunctions through an in-situ treatment with hydriodic acid. The prepared heterojunctions are characterized with X-ray diffraction,field emission scanning electron microscopy,transmission electron microscopy,ultra violet-diffuse reflectance spectroscopy,and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Upon visible-light irradiation（λ 420 nm）,the β-Bi2O3/BiO I heterojunctions,especially with the molar ratio of HI to β-Bi2O3 at 0.4,exhibit much higher photocatalytic activity than pure β-Bi2O3 and BiO I for the degradation of methyl orange. The efficient separation of photogenerated electron-hole pairs across the interface of the heterojunction between β-Bi2O3 and BiO I would be responsible for the enhanced photocatalytic performances.

Preparation of Superparamagnetic Dextran-coated Iron Oxide Nanoparticles used as a Novel Gene Carrier into Human Bladder Cancer Cells'

Objective: Application of magnetic nanoparticles as gene carrier in gene therapy has developed quickly. This study was designed to investigate the preparation of superparamagnetic dextran-coated iron oxide nanoparticles (SDION) and the feasibility of SDION used as a novel gene carrier for plasmid DNA in vitro. Methods: SDION were prepared by chemical coprecipitation and separated by gel filtration on Sephacryl S-300HR, characterized by TEM, laser scattering system and Vibrating Sample Magnetometer Signal Processor. The green fluorescent protein (pGFP-C2) plasmid DNA was used as target gene. SDION-pGFP-C2 conjugate compounds were produced by means of oxidoreduction reaction. The connection ratio of SDION and pGFP-C2 DNA was analyzed and evaluated by agarose electrophoresis and the concentration of pGFP-C2 in supernatant was measured. Using liposome as control, the transfection efficiency of SDION and liposome was respectively evaluated under fluorescence microscope in vitro. Results: The diameter of SDION ranges from 3 nm to 8 nm, the effective diameter was 59.2 nm and the saturation magnetization was 0.23 emu/g. After SDION were reasonably oxidized, SDION could connect with pGFP-C2 to a high degree. The transfection efficiency of SDION as gene carrier was higher than that of liposome. Conclusion: The successes in connecting SDION with pGFP-C2 plasmid by means of oxidoreduction reaction and in transferring pGFP-C2 gene into human bladder cancer BIU-87 cells in vitro provided the experimental evidence for the feasibility of SDION used as a novel gene carrier.

Simultaneous heterotrophic nitrification and aerobic denitrification at high initial phenol concentration by isolated bacterium Diaphorobacter sp. PD-7

A strain capable of phenol degradation, hetemtrophic nitrification and aerobic denitrification was isolated from activated sludge of coking-plant wastewater ponds under aerobic condition. Based on its morphology, physiology, biochemical analysis and phylogenetic characteristics, the isolate was identified as Diaphorobacter sp. PD-7. Biodegradation tests of phenol showed that the maximum phenol degradation occurred at the late phase of exponential growth stages, with 1400 mg·L^-1 phenol completely degraded within 85 h. Diaphorobacter sp. PD-7 accumulated a vast quantity of phenol hydroxylase in this physiological phase, ensuring that the cells quickly utilize phenol as a sole carbon and energy source. The kinetic behavior ofDiaphorobacter sp. PD-7 in batch cultures was investigated over a wide range of initial phenol concentrations （0-1400mg·L^-1） by using the Haldane model, which adequately describes the dynamic behavior of phenol biodegradation by strain Diaphombacter sp. PD-7. At initial phenol concentration of 1400mg· L^-l, batch experiments （0.25 L flask） of nitrogen removal under aerobic condition gave almost entirely removal of 120.69mg· L^- 1 ammonium nitrogen within 75 h, while nitrate nitrogen removal reached 91% within 65 h. Moreover, hydroxylamine oxidase, periplasmic nitrate reductase and nitrite reductase were successfully expressed in the isolate.

Ab initio Study on Structures and Isomerization of Magnesium Fluorosilylenoid H2SiFMgF

The structures and isomerization of magnesium fluorosilylenoid H2SiFMgF were investigated by ab initio molecular orbital theory. Four equilibrium structures and three isomeric transition states were located and fully optimized at the B3LYP/6-31G（d,p） and G3MP2B3 levels, respectively. Based on the B3LYP/6- 31G（d,p） optimized geometries, harmonic frequencies of various structures were obtained and 29Si chemical shifts were calculated. The solvent effects were investigated by means of the polarizable continuum model using THF as a solvent at B3LYP/6-31G（d,p） level. Isomerization paths for isomers were confirmed by intrinsic reaction coordinate calculations. The calculated results show that tetrahedral structure has the lowest energy and is the most stable; tetrahedral, three-membered ring, and p-complex structures are suggested to be the experimentally detectable ones; and a-complex structure has the highest energy and will not exist.

Obesity promotes oxidative stress and exacerbates blood-brain barrier disruption after high-intensity exercise

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of obesity and high-intensity acute exercise on oxidant-antioxidant status,neurotrophic factor expression, and blood-brain barrier(BBB) disruption.Methods: Twenty-four healthy, untrained men(12 non-obese(mean 14.9% body fat) and 12 obese subjects(mean 29.8% body fat)) performed20 min of continuous submaximal aerobic exercise at 85% maximal oxygen consumption. Blood sampling was performed to examine the oxidant-antioxidant status(reactive oxygen species(ROS) and superoxide dismutase(SOD)), neurotrophic factors(brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF) and nerve growth factor(NGF)), and BBB disruption(S100β and neuron-specific enolase) before and after acute exercise.Results: The obese group showed significantly higher pre-exercise serum ROS levels and significantly lower pre-exercise serum SOD levels than the non-obese group(p < 0.05). Serum ROS, SOD, BDNF, NGF, and S100β levels were significantly increased post-exercise compared with pre-exercise levels in both the non-obese and the obese groups(p < 0.05). The obese group showed significantly higher serum ROS, BDNF, NGF,and S100β levels post-exercise compared to the non-obese group(p < 0.05).Conclusion: Our study suggests that episodic vigorous exercise can increase oxidative stress and blood neurotrophic factor levels and induce disruption of the BBB. Moreover, high levels of neurotrophic factor in the blood after exercise in the obese group may be due to BBB disruption,and it is assumed that oxidative stress was the main cause of this BBB disruption.

Theoretical Study on the Stable Structures and Aromaticities for Pnictogen Dianionic Sb4^2-, Bi4^2-, and （SbBi）2^2- Clusters

Through the theoretical calculation of structural optimization, vibrational frequencies and atomization energies with one method of density functional theory （B3LYP） and two post- Hartree-Fock approaches （MP2, CCSD（T））, several stable isomers for new three pnictogen dianionic Sb4^2-, Bi4^2-, and （SbBi）2^2- species were determined. For two homoatomic Sb4^2- and Bi4^2- species, there are three stable isomers： square （D4h）, roof-shaped （C2v-1）, and C2v-2 structure with the square isomer being the ground state. For the heteroatomic dian- ionic （SbBi）2^2- species, there are also three stable isomers： rhombus （D2h）, roof-shaped （C1）, and C2v structures with the rhombic isomer being the ground state. The calculated NICS values show that nucleus-independent chemical shifts （NICS） values of roof-shaped isomers for Sb4^2-, Bi4^2-, and （SbBi）2^2- species are all negative, consequently indicating that these roof-shaped isomers possess aromaticities. NICS values for the planar ring isomers are all positive, suggesting that these three planar ring isomers have antiaromatic characters. The aromaticity for the two stable roof-shaped and square isomers are preliminarily explained and discussed with MO analysis.

Comparison of Biochemical Properties of Recombinant and Native Phanerochaete flavido-alba Laccases

Laccases are blue copper oxidases （E.C. 1.10.3.2 benzenediol：oxygen oxidoreductase） that catalyze the one-electron oxidation of phenolics, aromatic amines and other electron-rich substrates with the concomitant reduction of 02 to H20. They are currently seen as highly interesting industrial enzymes because of their broad substrate specificity. The Phanerochaete flavido-alba laccase is expressed and secreted as a soluble active enzyme by Aspergillus niger （rLac-LPFA）. rLac-LPFA is easily purified to homogeneity. Metal ions like HgCI2, KC12, FeSO4 and MgSO4 at a concentration of 2 mM have inhibiting effect on recombinant and native laccase, whereas, CuSO4 and MnSO4 moderately increase both enzyme activities. Two potential inhibitors （sodium azide and EDTA） inhibited enzyme activity, whereas, urea and SDS have no effect on enzyme activity. The Km and V,,ax values for recombinant laccase are 0.65 mM and 300 U/mg respectively for 2,6-DMP as substrate.

Process Optimization of Ultrasonic Extraction of Puerarin Based on Support Vector Machine

In ultrasonic extraction technology, optimization of technical parameters often considers extraction medium only, without including ultrasonic parameters. This paper focuses on controlling the ultrasonic extraction process of puerarin, investigating the influence of ultrasonic parameters on extraction rate, and empirically analyzing the main components of Pueraria, i.e., isoflavone compounds. A method is presented combining orthogonal experi- mental design with a support vector machine and a predictive model is established for optimization of technical parameters. From the analysis with the predictive model, appropriate process parameters are achieved for higher extraction rate. With these parameters in the ultrasonic extraction of puerarin, the experimental result is satisfactory. This method is of significance to the study of extracfing root-stock plant medicines.

Immune response of Pseudosciaena crocea to the injection of Vibrio alginolyticus

For the investigation of anti-infection immune response of Pseudosciaena crocea, 160 healthy fish samples were categorized into infected and control groups. Each individual fish in the infected group was injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) with 0.2 ml bacterial suspension of Vibrio alginolyticus in density of 2×107 CFU/ml, while each individual in the control group was injected i.p. with 0.2 ml sterile saline solution (0.85%). It was observed that the artificial injection of V. alginolyticus significantly increased the number of erythrocytes, leucocytes, lymphocytes in peripheral blood as well as peripheral serum antibacterial activity and antibody titer of large yellow croaker, and significantly reduced the number of peripheral blood granulocytes as compared with those in the control group. No significant difference in acid phosphytase and superoxide dismutase activity of serum was detected between the two groups. It is suggested that non-specific immune factors including leucocytes and anti-bacteria substance in peripheral blood played important role at the initial stage of infection, and specific immune factors such as antibody then played important role in response to anti-infection at the latter stage.

Effect of Bioactive Peptides(BPs) on the Development of Pacific White Shrimp(Litopenaeus vannamei Boone, 1931)

The present study was conducted to evaluate the feasibility of replacing fish meal(FM) with bioactive peptides(BPs) in diet of white shrimp(Litopenaeus vannamei). The changes in growth performance, body composition, non-specific immunity, and water quality were examined after the shrimp were fed four diets, in which 0%(control), 33.3%, 66.7% and 100% of FM was replaced by BPs, respectively. The groups were designated as Con, 1/3BPs, 2/3BPs, and 3/3BPs. A total of 720 shrimp with an initial body weight of 1.46 ± 0.78 g were fed the experimental diets for 56 days. The results revealed that: 1) the weight gain rate(WGR) in 1/3BPs, 2/3BPs, and 3/3BPs was significantly higher than that in Con(P < 0.05), while no significant difference was found on survival rate and feed conversion ratio(FCR); 2) the whole-body crude protein(CP) and crude lipids(CL) were significantly different among groups, while there was no significant difference between crude ash and phosphorus contents; 3) the levels of acid phosphatase(ACP), lysozyme(LZM), superoxide dismutase(SOD), phenol oxidase(PO) and bactericidal activity increased significantly with the inclusion of BPs; 4) in terms of water quality, no significant difference was found in p H and dissolved oxygen among diets during the whole experimental period. Moreover, even though nitrite and ammonium levels tended to increase with time, there was no significant difference among groups. The results indicated that BPs is an applicable alternative of protein source, which can substitute FM in the diets of L. vannamei; it is able to effectively promote growth performance and improve immunity. Moreover, BPs in the diets had no negative impact on water quality.