异地性对冲动性购买行为影响的实证研究

冲动性购买在商场和超市的零售中占有相当的比例,值得关注的是越来越多的消费者在异地发生冲动性购买,然而文献中对冲动性购买行为的研究大量是集中在对同城购买(常居地购买)的实证上,很少涉及以异地购买(非常居地购买)为实证对象的研究。显然这是两个不同的环境,消费者的购买行为是否会发生变化呢?原有的理论模型是否能够全面解释?基于此,论文提出了如下研究问题:异地性会对冲动购买行为产生什么样的影响?研究通过访谈和文献检索定义了异地性变量的四个维度:文化差异、时间压力、重购成本、购买压力。并以旅游者为实证研究对象,采用问卷调查和结构方程模型的研究方法探讨了异地性对冲动性购买行为的影响。研究发现,旅游者感知的文化差异、重购成本和购买压力与其冲动性购买意愿和行为呈显著的正相关关系;其中购买压力的影响最大,文化差异的影响次之,重购成本的影响相对最小。因此对零售商而言,针对异地消费者,基于加大购买压力感知的考虑,挖掘其家人和朋友的需求可能比挖掘其本人的需求更重要;基于加大文化差异感知的考虑,介绍商品的文化背景可能比介绍商品本身更重要;基于加大重购成本感知的考虑,有些商品原产地销售可能比在全国布店销售更好。

同城与异地对冲动性购买行为的影响研究

异地冲动性购买在商场和超市占有相当大的比例,现有的文献对同城冲动性购买进行了大量的研究,然而对异地冲动性购买研究较少。在这些理论基础上,通过访谈与问卷调查形式,分析了影响同城与异地冲动性购买行为的因素,并比较消费者在同城与异地发生冲动性购买行为的因素的异同以及产生这些异同的原因,提出了企业需要采取的营销措施。

研学旅行专题主持人语

“研学旅行”是近年来逐渐活跃于人们视野的新名词,与之相近的概念有“修学旅行”或“修学旅游”及“教育旅行”等,其含义大体相近,即以学习求知为目的旅行。细细琢磨起来,这些概念之间还是有些细微区别的。国内“修学旅行”或“修学旅游”的说法最早出现在20世纪90年代的学术文献中,迄今为止,仅发表于学术期刊的论文就有近百篇。“教育旅行”的说法大约是20世纪初出现的,主要是指英美等西方国家在青少年培养过程中,以学习、教育为目的的游历活动。

Genetic variations of wood properties and growth characters of Ko-rean pines from different provenances

Totally 26 provenance stands of 17-year-old Korean pine were selected for investigating wood properties and growth characters in Mao抏rshan Experimental Forest Farm of Northeast Forestry University in 1999. The anatomical property indexes, including tracheid length, tracheid diameter and wall-indiameter ratio, and the physical property indexes, such as growth ring width, late wood percentage and growth ring density, were measured for wood properties. Growth character indexes, including tree height and diameter at breast height, were also measured. The analytical results showed that there exited obviously dif-ference in wood property indexes between different provenances, which is suggested that wood properties are controlled by their genetic differences. The growth character indexes of Korean pines presented significant difference and they might also be controlled by their genetic differences. Most parameters of wood properties mainly varied in the direction of longitude, but the parameters of growth characters varied in the direction of latitude.

The algorithm of 3D multi-scale volumetric curvature and its application

To fully extract and mine the multi-scale features of reservoirs and geologic structures in time/depth and space dimensions, a new 3D multi-scale volumetric curvature （MSVC） methodology is presented in this paper. We also propose a fast algorithm for computing 3D volumetric curvature. In comparison to conventional volumetric curvature attributes, its main improvements and key algorithms introduce multi-frequency components expansion in time-frequency domain and the corresponding multi-scale adaptive differential operator in the wavenumber domain, into the volumetric curvature calculation. This methodology can simultaneously depict seismic multi-scale features in both time and space. Additionally, we use data fusion of volumetric curvatures at various scales to take full advantage of the geologic features and anomalies extracted by curvature measurements at different scales. The 3D MSVC can highlight geologic anomalies and reduce noise at the same time. Thus, it improves the interpretation efficiency of curvature attributes analysis. The 3D MSVC is applied to both land and marine 3D seismic data. The results demonstrate that it can indicate the spatial distribution of reservoirs, detect faults and fracture zones, and identify their multi-scale properties.

Available Contents of Trace Nutrient Element and Factors Affecting Their Availability in Western Jilin

Based on the assay of the total content and available content of the trace nutrient elements and the soil pH and organic matter of the soil samples,the characteristic of the available content of the trace nutrient elements and their affecting factors are studied. The results show that the available B in western Jilin is in a middle level,the content in Nong'an is higher than that in the others; the available Mn is extremely abundant; the available Cu in Nong'an is obviously higher than other areas,and the content in Da'an differs greatly; the available Zn is in a middle level; the severe shortage of available Mo differs between different areas; and the available Fe is extremely abundant. The available Mn,Cu and Fe have significantly positive correlation with their total content; the available B has significantly positive correlation with pH,and Zn has obviously negative correlation with pH; the available Mn and Fe had significantly positive correlation with soil organic matter.

Forecasting Fractures in Coal Seams by Using Azimuthal Anisotropy from P-Wave Seismic Data

If the thickness of coal seams and the lithology of both roofs and floors of coal seams have not changed at all or only a little, then it is thought that the elastic anisotropy of coal seams depends mainly on fractures and obeys the horizontally symmetric model of an azimuth anisotropy. For a fixed offset, the amplitude A of the reflection P-wave and the cosine of 2φ has an approximately linear relation, (φ is the source-detector azimuth with respect to the fracture strike. Based on this relationship, many things can be done, such as the extraction of macro bins, the correction of residual normal moveout, the formation of azimuth gather, the transformation and normalization of azimuth gathers and the extraction of reflection wave amplitudes of coal seams. The least squares method was used to inverse theoretically the direction and density of fractures of coal seams. The result is in good agreement with the regional geological structure, indicating that the azimuth anisotropic analysis of the P-wave is feasible in evaluating the density and direction of fractures in coal seams.

Implicit modeling of complex orebody with constraints of geological rules

To dynamically update the shape of orebody according to the knowledge of a structural geologist’s insight,an approach of orebody implicit modeling from raw drillhole data using the generalized radial basis function interpolant was presented.A variety of constraint rules,including geology trend line,geology constraint line,geology trend surface,geology constraint surface and anisotropy,which can be converted into interpolation constraints,were developed to dynamically control the geology trends.Combined with the interactive tools of constraint rules,this method can avoid the shortcomings of the explicit modeling method based on the contour stitching,such as poor model quality,and is difficult to update dynamically,and simplify the modeling process of orebody.The results of numerical experiments show that the 3D ore body model can be reconstructed quickly,accurately and dynamically by the implicit modeling method.

Seismic AVAZ inversion for orthorhombic shale reservoirs in the Longmaxi area, Sichuan

Seismic AVAZ inversion method based on an orthorhombic model can be used to invert anisotropy parameters of the Longmaxi shale gas reservoir in the Sichuan Basin..As traditional seismic inversion workfl ow does not suffi ciently consider the infl uence of fracture orientation,we predict fracture orientation using the method based on the Fourier series to correct pre-stacked azimuth gathers to guarantee the accuracy of input data,and then conduct seismic AVAZ inversion based on the VTI constraints and Bayesian framework to predict anisotropy parameters of the shale gas reservoir in the study area.We further analyze the rock physical relation between anisotropy parameters and fracture compliance and mineral content for quantitative interpretation of seismic inversion results.Research results reveal that the inverted anisotropy parameters are related to P-and S-wave respectively,and thus can be used to distinguish the effect of fracture and fl uids by the joint interpretation.Meanwhile high values of anisotropy parameters correspond to high values of fracture compliance,so the anisotropy parameters can refl ect the development of fractures in reservoir.There is two sets of data from different sources,including the content of brittle mineral quartz obtained from well data and the anisotropy parameters inverted from seismic data,also show the positive correlation.This further indicates high content of brittle mineral makes fractures developing in shale reservoir and enhances seismic anisotropy of the shale reservoir.The inversion results demonstrate the characterization of fractures and brittleness for the Longmaxi shale gas reservoir in the Sichuan Basin.

Spatial Differentiation of Elements in Soils on Red-Earthy Hill Landscape of Central China

Samples of 21 soil profiles and 165 top soils from an area of approximate 1.5km^2 on red-earthy hill landscape were collected and analysed.The content of Ca,Mg,K,P,Fe,Mn,Zn and Cu in soils relate with the kind of parent material and the position of topography,however,there is great variation due to the local difference of the form of soil utilization.From the difference in spatial distribution of elements content,it is believed that eight kinds of elements are lost by chemical leaching and physical translocation,meanwhile some are added (such as Ca,P,K,Mg) and some mobilized (such as Fe,Mn,Zn,Cu and P) through cultivation,fertilization and irrigation in the soils on the landscape investigated.The sectional differentiation in abundance or deficiency of elements in top soils on the landscape investigated is distinct,which is important for carrying out agricultural management and reasonable fertilization according to local conditions.

Efficient finite-volume simulation of the LWD orthogonal azimuth electromagnetic response in a three-dimensional anisotropic formation using potentials on cylindrical meshes

In this study,the cylindrical finite-volume method(FVM)is advanced for the efficient and high-precision simulation of the logging while drilling(LWD)orthogonal azimuth electromagnetic tool(OAEMT)response in a three-dimensional(3 D)anisotropic formation.To overcome the ill-condition and convergence problems arising from the low induction number,Maxwell’s equations are reformulated into a mixed Helmholtz equation for the coupled potentials in a cylindrical coordinate system.The electrical fi eld continuation method is applied to approximate the perfectly electrical conducting(PEC)boundary condition,to improve the discretization accuracy of the Helmholtz equation on the surface of metal mandrels.On the base,the 3 D FVM on Lebedev’s staggered grids in the cylindrical coordinates is employed to discretize the mixed equations to ensure good conformity with typical well-logging tool geometries.The equivalent conductivity in a non-uniform element is determined by a standardization technique.The direct solver,PARDISO,is applied to efficiently solve the sparse linear equation systems for the multi-transmitter problem.To reduce the number of calls to PARDISO,the whole computational domain is divided into small windows that contain multiple measuring points.The electromagnetic(EM)solutions produced by all the transmitters per window are simultaneously solved because the discrete matrix,relevant to all the transmitters in the same window,is changed.Finally,the 3 D FVM is validated against the numerical mode matching method(NMM),and the characteristics of both the coaxial and coplanar responses of the EM field tool are investigated using the numerical results.

Forward Modeling of Azimuthal Anisotropy to the Reflected P Wave of Coal Seam

Under the condition of weak anisotropy, the relation of P-wave anisotropy in direction to fractures of coal seams was researched in order to forecast the density and the direction of the fractures. Although the approximate solution by Rtiger is suitable for thick reservoirs, it has some limitations for the composite reflected wave from both roofs and floors of coal seams, as well as multiple reflections. So first, the phase velocity and group velocity as well as their travel time were calculated about the reflected P-wave of the coal seam. Then, the anisotropic coefficients of both roofs and floors were calculated by Rueger formulae and last, the section versus azimuth in fixed offset can be gotten by convolution. In addition, the relation of amplitude of the composite reflected wave to azimuth angle was discussed. The forward modelling results of the coal azimuth anisotropy show these： 1） the coal seam is the strong reflecting layer, but the change of the reflectivity caused by the azimuth anisotropy is smaller; 2） if the azimuth angle is parallel to the crack strike, the reflectivity reaches up to the maximum absolute value, however, if the azimuth angle is perpendicular to the crack strike, the absolute value of the reflection coefficient is minimum; and 3）the reflection coefficient is the cosine function of the azimuth angle and the period is π.

Spatial Heterogeneity of Soil Mineral Oxide Components in Depression Between Karst Hills,Southwest China

In karst regions,the spatial heterogeneity of soil mineral oxides and environmental variables is still not clear.We investigated the spatial heterogeneity of SiO2,Al2O3,Fe2O3,CaO,MgO,P2O5,K2O,and MnO contents in the soils of slope land,plantation forest,secondary forest,and primary forest,as well as their relationships with environmental variables in a karst region of Southwest China.Geostatistics,principal component analysis(PCA),and canonical correlation analysis(CCA)were applied to analyze the field data.The results show that SiO2was the predominant mineral in the soils(45.02%–67.33%),followed by Al2O3and Fe2O3.Most soil mineral oxide components had a strong spatial dependence,except for CaO,MgO,and P2O5in the plantation forest,MgO and P2O5in the secondary forest,and CaO in the slope land.Dimensionality reduction in PCA was not appropriate due to the strong spatial heterogeneity in the ecosystems.Soil mineral oxide components,the main factors in all ecosystems,had greater influences on vegetation than those of conventional soil properties.There were close relationships between soil mineral oxide components and vegetation,topography,and conventional soil properties.Mineral oxide components affected species diversity,organic matter and nitrogen levels.

Free vibration analysis of non-homogeneous orthotropic plates resting on Pasternak elastic foundation by Rayleigh-Ritz method

Free vibration analysis of non-homogeneous orthotropic plates resting on a Pasternak type of elastic foundation is investigated. A set of admissible orthogonal polynomials are generated with Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization procedure and adopted in the Rayleigh-Ritz method. Accuracy and applicability of the method are examined by comparison of the results for different boundary conditions and material types with those available in literature. It is found that this method has good accuracy regardless of type of boundary condition and yields very accurate results even with low number of terms of orthogonal polynomials for the first mode of vibration. For higher modes of vibration, higher terms of orthogonal polynomials should be used. The effects of foundation parameter, density and non-homogeneity parameters on natural frequency are examined. It is concluded that natural frequency of plates are more sensitive to shearing layer coefficient rather than Winkler coefficient and density parameter has weakening effect on natural frequency.

Effect of heterogeneity on occurrence of zonal disintegration around deep underground openings

By utilizing the two numerical codes RFPA3 D and FLAC3 D, the effect of heterogeneity on failure mode and failure mechanism of rock around deep underground excavations under tri-axial stress is analyzed. It is found that zonal disintegration is a large scale shear-slip failure developed in deep surrounding rock mass under tri-axial stress, which is accompanied by a large amount of tensile failure. The distance between fractures and the number of fractures have a close correlation with the rock mass heterogeneity. With an increase of the homogeneity index of the rock mass, the distances between fractures decrease and the number of fractures increases. For an intact hard rock mass with relative high homogeneity, only failure mode characterized as v-shaped notches can be formed due to the intersection of intensively developed shear bands. None of the zonal disintegration can be formed due to the fact that with increasing homogeneity, the failure mechanism of rock mass is gradually dominated by shear failure rather than tensile failure.

Fast local wavenumber （FLW） method for the inversion of magnetic source parameters

The current local wavenumber methods for the interpretation of magnetic anomalies compute the locations of geological bodies by solving complex matrices. Presently, such methods require to know the structural index, which is a parameter that represents the source type. The structural index is hard to know in real data; consequently, the precision of current methods is low. We present the fast local wavenumber （FLW） method, and define the squared sum of the horizontal and vertical local wavenumbers as the cumulative local wavenumber. The FLW method is the linear combination of the umulative local wavenumberand other wavenumbers, and is used to compute the locations and structural index of the source without a priori information and matrix solution. We apply the FLW method to synthetic magnetic anomalies, and the results suggest that the FLW method is insensitive to background and oblique magnetization. Next, we apply the FLW method to real magnetic data to obtain the location and structural index of the source.

A Remote Sensing-based Analysis on the Impact of Wenchuan Earthquake on the Core Value of World Nature Heritage Sichuan Giant Panda Sanctuary

In this study,we used remotely sensed data,GIS modeling,and statistical methods to evaluate the damage caused by the Wenchuan Earthquake (May 12,2008) to the giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) habitat in the World Nature Heritage Sichuan Giant Panda Sanctuary (WHSGPS) in China.A landscape ecological analysis found increases of landscape heterogeneity,complexity,and fragmentation in the giant panda habitat after the earthquake.A terrain analysis found that slope and elevation are directly associated with the distribution of the damaged areas.As slope and elevation increase,the size of the damaged area keeps increase until to a peak,and then starts to drop.The total area of the damaged vegetation in our study area is 114.26 km 2,accounting for 3.78% of the study area;30.46% of that 114.26 km 2 is located in the Core Zone of WHSGPS.There are 18.57km 2 of the damaged vegetation located in the identified suitable giant panda habitat,accounting for 1.75% of the total area of suitable giant panda habitats in the study area.Based on these findings,we conclude that the Wenchuan Earthquake does not have significant impact on the WHSGPS as a whole.

Geographic variation and genetic performance of Picea koraiensis in growth and wood characteristics

Eight provenances of 19-year-old Picea koraiensis Nakai from the provenancetrials of Maoershan (45°20′N, 127°30′E), Liang-shui (47°10′N, 128°53′E) and Jiagedaqi(50°24′N, 124°07′E) in Northeast China were investigated to analyze the genetic variation ingrowth characteristics (tree height and diameter) and wood characteristics (tracheid length,tracheid diameter, tracheid wall thickness, annual ring width as well as wood density). Greatvariation in height growth and breast height diameter growth was observed among the provenances, andalong with the increase of tree age, these provenances presented different geographic adaptability.The growth characteristics of Picea koraiensis stand at age of 10 in Maoershan and Liangshuiprovenance trials had a positive correlation with longitude, and with increase of tree age to 15 and19, the tree growth of the provenances displayed a significant positive correlation with latitudeas well as altitude. For wood characteristics, great variation was also found among the provenances.There exists a close relation between growth characteristics and wood properties of the provenance.The height and breast height diameter growth of the provenance had a positive correlation withtracheid diameter and annual ring width, and a negative correlation with tracheid wall thickness andwood density. Genetic performance of the provenance in all above characteristics was alsoinvestigated in order to provide more useful information for comprehensive selection of this speciesfor pulpwood and plywood production.

Spatial and Temporal Variability of Water Vapor Content during 1961-2011 in Tianshan Mountains,China

Based on the climate factors data and surface vapor pressure （SVP） data of 44 weather stations in Tianshan Mountains during the years 1961-2011, this paper establishes a water vapor content （WVC） estimation model according to the relationship between monthly WVC of radiosonde and corresponding SVP and analyzes the spatial and temporal variability of WVC and their causes. The results show that the WVC is linearly and negatively related to the elevation and longitude （Vertical zonality and Longitude zonality）, while it was not linearly related to the latitude. The westerly wind, geographical situation and sea level elevation composed complex surface conditions to influence the spatial distribution of WVC in the Tianshan Mountains. The Mann-Kendall （M-K） statistical test shows a significant increasing trend in the mean annual WVC in Tianshan Mountains during 1961- 2011（P 〈 0.001）, with a rate of 0.23 mm/decade, and indicates an abrupt turning point in 1985 （P.〈0.001）. Correlation analysis shows that the WVC are significantly correlated to the temperature, especially during the winter, but the summer WVC are significantly correlated to the precipitation. In addition, the North Atlantic Oscillation Index （NAOI） and the Arctic Oscillation Index （AOI） are significantly correlated to the winter WVC in the Tianshan Mountains. As a new Microwave radiometric profilers （MWRPs） instrument, the MP- 3000A provides continuous, real-time and high temporal resolution atmospheric profiles up to 10 km. In order to monitor water vapor and atmosphere profiles in Tianshan Mountains, an MP-3000A was established in Urumqi （43.8°N, 87.58°N） in May 2008. The results indicated that the MP-3oooA was applicable to this area, and the evolutionary process of water vapor and the WVC peak values of MP- 3000A were a strong signal for rainstorm and flood forecasts for Urumqi and the Tianshan Mountains.

Spatial-temporal variance of reclamation soil physical and chemical character in opencast mine region

In order to study the effects of soil compaction, and soil physical and chemicalcharacteristics after land reclamation, selected lands that were reclaimed after 1, 2, 3, 4,and 5 a, respectively, in the Majiata Mine of the Shendong Open Pit; tested the effects ofsoil compaction; and collected soil samples from 5 different depths, which are 0-7.62,7.62-15.24, 15.24-22.86, 22.86-30.48, and 30.48-38.10 cm, respectively. The resultsshow that: Land reclamation leads to soil compaction. The lowest effect of soil compaction is in the top layer and the highest one at the depth of 20-30 cm; The bulk density of reclaimed soil is higher than that of undisturbed soil; this declines with the reclamation and nearly reaches the level of undisturbed soil after 5-year reclamation;The content of reclaimed soil nutrients is lower than that of undisturbed soil. The lowest one is inthe soil dumping site, which reaches the level of undisturbed soil after 5-year reclamation;The pH value of reclaimed soil is lower than that of undisturbed soil. The highest one isin the soil dumping site; this declines with the reclamation.