This paper is devoted to application of ordinary kriging method in Choghart north anomaly iron ore deposit in Yazd province, Iran. In order to estimate the deposit, 2329 input data gained from 26 boreholes were used. ...This paper is devoted to application of ordinary kriging method in Choghart north anomaly iron ore deposit in Yazd province, Iran. In order to estimate the deposit, 2329 input data gained from 26 boreholes were used. Fe grade was selected as the major regional variable on which the present research has focused. All of the available data were changed to 12.5 m composites so that statistical regularization could be reached. Studies indicated that iron grade input data had single-population characteristics. To carry out ordinary kriging, a spherical model was fitted over empirical variogram. Then the model was verified through cross validation method and proved to be valid with a coherence coefficient of 0.773 between the estimated and real data. Plotting the empirical variogram in different directions showed no geometric anisotropy for the deposit. To estimate the Iron grade, ordinary kriging method was used according to which, all of the exploitable blocks with dimensions 20 m x 20 m x 12.5 m were block esti- mated within the estimation space. Finally tonnage-grade curve has been drawn and reserve classified into measured, indicated and inferred.展开更多
We believe that well-known principles and relationships between physical entities are the key for a deep knowledge of reality. However, they must be applied using innovative points of view, points of view that can be ...We believe that well-known principles and relationships between physical entities are the key for a deep knowledge of reality. However, they must be applied using innovative points of view, points of view that can be provided by, for example, experts on information theory （as we are）. Our previous efforts in this direction led to a fascinating result： the theoretical total mass ofa spacetime in which Planck＇s length is an observer-independent scale of length is equal （both in expression and value） to the mass of our portion of Universe measured by national aeronautics and space administration wilkinson microwave anisotropy probe （NASA WMAP） spacecraft. In the following paragraphs we＇ll show how granularity （i.e., discontinuity） of physical entities of our portion of observable spacetime descends directly from the principles of information theory, and how a physical theory about the discontinuity of reality built on these basis can lead to an elegant descriptions of both microcosm and macrocosm.展开更多
Interpolation methods in ArcGIS_ESRI Geostatistical Analyst tool allow obtaining unknown values at unsampled points from observed data and generating continuous surfaces. In this paper, forest data variables as tree h...Interpolation methods in ArcGIS_ESRI Geostatistical Analyst tool allow obtaining unknown values at unsampled points from observed data and generating continuous surfaces. In this paper, forest data variables as tree height and diameter measured in two plots in Central Mountains in Spain. These data were georeferenced to obtain maps that can visualize the spatial variability of these forest variables. In order to evaluate the best interpolation method that could adequately explain the spatial variability of those variables, two interpolation methods were studied： inverse results was made by means of statistical methods to analyze distance weighted （IDW） and Ordinary Kriging （OK）. A comparison of residuals. Results with the kriging method were slightly better.展开更多
Soil salinity and hydrologic datasets were assembled to analyze the spatio-temporal variability of salinization in Fengqiu County, Henan Province, China, in the alluvial plain of the lower reaches of the Yellow River....Soil salinity and hydrologic datasets were assembled to analyze the spatio-temporal variability of salinization in Fengqiu County, Henan Province, China, in the alluvial plain of the lower reaches of the Yellow River. The saline soil and groundwater depth data of the county in 1981 were obtained to serve as a historical reference. Electrical conductivity （EC） of 293 surface soil samples taken from 2 kin x 2 km grids in 2007 and 4{） soil profiles acquired in 2（108 was analyzed and used for comparative mapping. Ordinary kriging was applied to predict EC at unobserved locations to derive the horizontal and vertical distribution patterns and variation of soil salinity. Groundwater table data from 22 observation wells in 2008 were collected and used as input for regression kriging to predict the maximum groundwater depth of the county in 2008. Changes in the groundwater level of Fengqiu County in 27 years from 1981 to 2008 was calculated. Two quantitative criteria, the mean error or bias （ME） and the mean squared error （MSE）, were computed to assess the estimation accuracy of the kriging predictions. The results demonstrated that the soil salinity in the upper soil layers decreased dramatically and the taxonomically defined saline soils were present only in a few micro-landscapes after 27 years. Presently, the soils with relatively elevated salt content were mainly distributed in depressions along the Yellow River bed. The reduction in surface soil salinity corresponded to the locations with deepened maximum groundwater depth. It could be concluded that groundwater table recession allowed water to move deeper into the soil profile, transporting salts with it, and thus played an important role in reducing soil salinity in this region. Accumulation of salts in the soil profiles at various depths below the surface indicated that secondary soil salinization would occur when the groundwater was not controlled at a safe depth.展开更多
基金the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 40772192 and 40372123)the Key Laboratory Project of Deep Rock Mechanics (No.PD1011)
文摘This paper is devoted to application of ordinary kriging method in Choghart north anomaly iron ore deposit in Yazd province, Iran. In order to estimate the deposit, 2329 input data gained from 26 boreholes were used. Fe grade was selected as the major regional variable on which the present research has focused. All of the available data were changed to 12.5 m composites so that statistical regularization could be reached. Studies indicated that iron grade input data had single-population characteristics. To carry out ordinary kriging, a spherical model was fitted over empirical variogram. Then the model was verified through cross validation method and proved to be valid with a coherence coefficient of 0.773 between the estimated and real data. Plotting the empirical variogram in different directions showed no geometric anisotropy for the deposit. To estimate the Iron grade, ordinary kriging method was used according to which, all of the exploitable blocks with dimensions 20 m x 20 m x 12.5 m were block esti- mated within the estimation space. Finally tonnage-grade curve has been drawn and reserve classified into measured, indicated and inferred.
文摘We believe that well-known principles and relationships between physical entities are the key for a deep knowledge of reality. However, they must be applied using innovative points of view, points of view that can be provided by, for example, experts on information theory （as we are）. Our previous efforts in this direction led to a fascinating result： the theoretical total mass ofa spacetime in which Planck＇s length is an observer-independent scale of length is equal （both in expression and value） to the mass of our portion of Universe measured by national aeronautics and space administration wilkinson microwave anisotropy probe （NASA WMAP） spacecraft. In the following paragraphs we＇ll show how granularity （i.e., discontinuity） of physical entities of our portion of observable spacetime descends directly from the principles of information theory, and how a physical theory about the discontinuity of reality built on these basis can lead to an elegant descriptions of both microcosm and macrocosm.
文摘Interpolation methods in ArcGIS_ESRI Geostatistical Analyst tool allow obtaining unknown values at unsampled points from observed data and generating continuous surfaces. In this paper, forest data variables as tree height and diameter measured in two plots in Central Mountains in Spain. These data were georeferenced to obtain maps that can visualize the spatial variability of these forest variables. In order to evaluate the best interpolation method that could adequately explain the spatial variability of those variables, two interpolation methods were studied： inverse results was made by means of statistical methods to analyze distance weighted （IDW） and Ordinary Kriging （OK）. A comparison of residuals. Results with the kriging method were slightly better.
基金Supported by the Innovation and Cutting-Edge Project of the Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. ISSASIP0716)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 40701070)the Knowledge Innovation Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (No. KSCX1-YW-09-02)
文摘Soil salinity and hydrologic datasets were assembled to analyze the spatio-temporal variability of salinization in Fengqiu County, Henan Province, China, in the alluvial plain of the lower reaches of the Yellow River. The saline soil and groundwater depth data of the county in 1981 were obtained to serve as a historical reference. Electrical conductivity （EC） of 293 surface soil samples taken from 2 kin x 2 km grids in 2007 and 4{） soil profiles acquired in 2（108 was analyzed and used for comparative mapping. Ordinary kriging was applied to predict EC at unobserved locations to derive the horizontal and vertical distribution patterns and variation of soil salinity. Groundwater table data from 22 observation wells in 2008 were collected and used as input for regression kriging to predict the maximum groundwater depth of the county in 2008. Changes in the groundwater level of Fengqiu County in 27 years from 1981 to 2008 was calculated. Two quantitative criteria, the mean error or bias （ME） and the mean squared error （MSE）, were computed to assess the estimation accuracy of the kriging predictions. The results demonstrated that the soil salinity in the upper soil layers decreased dramatically and the taxonomically defined saline soils were present only in a few micro-landscapes after 27 years. Presently, the soils with relatively elevated salt content were mainly distributed in depressions along the Yellow River bed. The reduction in surface soil salinity corresponded to the locations with deepened maximum groundwater depth. It could be concluded that groundwater table recession allowed water to move deeper into the soil profile, transporting salts with it, and thus played an important role in reducing soil salinity in this region. Accumulation of salts in the soil profiles at various depths below the surface indicated that secondary soil salinization would occur when the groundwater was not controlled at a safe depth.
