质控型城市屋面雨污弃除产品研发与应用

针对城市屋面初期雨水污染物含量较高的特点,从雨水径流高效收集利用、水质在线监测及自动控制等方面,对屋面初期雨水径流调控原理与弃除技术进行了探讨,研发了质控型城市屋面雨污弃除产品,开展了雨水利用示范工程建设,旨在提高固体悬浮物等主要污染物的拦截率,为雨水利用产业化发展和海绵城市建设等提供技术依据。

沈抚污水灌区总体改造

沈抚灌区多年的污水灌溉给灌区内的地下水、农作物、土壤等造成了严重的污染,给人民身体健康造成危害。渠系建筑物也由于污水腐蚀、老化等原因造成不同程度的损坏。1994年10月～1997年7月对沈抚灌区渠道、建筑物进行总体改造,弃污灌改清灌,解决渠道标准低、过水量不足等问题,改善了灌区内社会及生态环境。

Some factors controlling diffusive transportof potassium ion through clayey soils

To investigate the potential use of two Japanese regional clayey soils, named Ariake clay and Akaboku soil, as soil barrier materials, a series of laboratory diffusion tests are presented. Using an available computer program Pollute V6.3, the effective diffusion coefficients of K^＋ of the soils were back-calculated from the diffusion tests. It is found that the Ariake clay has a larger effective diffusion coefficient than the Akaboku soil, indicating that the Ariake clay may provide a better diffusion barrier. A comparison of the effective diffusion coefficients between the single-salt solution condition and the multi-salt solution condition indicates that soils have higher effective diffusion coefficients under the former condition. It is suggested to use miscible solution close to landfill leachates for determining effective diffusion coefficients of specified chemical species for a practical design.

Soil Environmental Quality Evaluation for Wasteland of Coalmine Tailing Polluted by Heavy Metals in Mingshan of Guangdong

ln order to appraise scientifical y the heavy metal contamination in waste-land of coalmine tailing in Mingshan of Guangdong, the 5 soil samples in wasteland of coalmine tailing were col ected in November 2010 to March 2011. The 7 heavy metals content in the contaminated soil was measured by atomic absorption spec-trophotometry. The results showed the pH of the wasteland soil ranged from 2.87 to 6.16, and the soil was relatively infertile. The soil was mainly pol uted by Cd and Mn. The Cd content in wasteland soil ranged from 0.759 mg/kg to 3.109 mg/kg with an average content of 2.052 mg/kg, which was much higher than the standard content. The Mn content ranged from 387.057 to 488.660 mg/kg with an average content of 421.215 mg/kg, which was much higher than the standard content. The Nemerow integrated pol ution indexes showed the sample 1, sample 4 and sample 5 were of heavy pol ution, and sample 2 and sample 3 were of moderate pol ution.

Research on mechanism of groundwater pollution from mine water in abandoned mines

In order to understand the mechanism and regularity of the groundwater contamination from mine water of abandoned mines, experiments were conducted on an abandoned coal mine in Fuxin, a representative city with lots of mine water in northeast China. The groundwater pollution from different contaminants of coal-mining voids （total hardness, SO4^2-, CI^- and total Fe） and pollution factors transportation situation in the coal rock were simulated by soil column experiment under the conditions of mine water leaching and main water leaching （similar to rainwater leaching）, and the water-rock interaction mechanism was discussed during mine water infiltration through saturated coal rock by application of principle of mass conservation, based on physical properties of coal rock, as well as monitored chemical composition. The results show that, compared with the clear water leaching process, trends of change in pollutant concentrations presented different characteristics in the mine water leaching process. Groundwater is contaminated by the water rock interactions such as migration ＆ accumulation, adsorption ＆ transformation, dissolution ＆ desorption and ion exchange during the mine water permeation. The experiments also suggest that at first dissolution rate of some kinds of dissoluble salts is high, but it decreases with leaching time, even to zero during both the mine water leaching and main water leaching.

Distribution and Source of Main Contaminants in Surface Sediments of Tidal Flats in the Northern Shandong Province

Twenty-nine samples of surface sediments from tidal flats in the Northern Shandong Province were collected for grain size, heavy metal(Hg, Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, and Cr), and oil pollution analyses. The geoaccumulation index(Igeo) and factor analysis were introduced to evaluate sediment quality and source of contaminants. The mean concentrations of Hg, Cu, Pb, Zn, Cd, Cr, and oil in the surface sediments in the study area are 0.033, 17.756, 19.121, 55.700, 0.291, 59.563, and 14.213 μg g-1, respectively. The heavy metal contamination in the old delta lobe is slightly higher than that in the abandoned delta lobe; however, the opposite was observed for oil pollution. The Igeo results revealed that the overall quality of the surface sediments in the study area is in good condition. The heavy metal pollution levels show a descending order: Cd> Hg> Cr> Cu> Zn> Pb, Cd being the main pollutant. The contamination level for in the study area is relatively lower than those for China's other tidal flats. Heavy metals are mainly derived from natural sources of rock weathering and erosion, partly influenced by industrial and agricultural discharge. However, oil pollution is mainly from runoff input, motorized fishing boat sewage, and oil exploitation.

An Economic Analysis and Countermeasures for Domestic Wastes in China

Domestic wastes have become an importer topic of environmental protection research. From the social cost of treating domestic wastes, this article analyzes present environmental pollution caused by neglected externality when we discharge domestic wastes in the method of analysis on the difference between marginal personal cost and marginal social cost; It also proves the necessity and the importance of levying pollution tax and proposes the measures of eontrolling environmental potlution caused by domestic wastes.

Waste Minimization Practices at the National University of Costa Rica

In order to determine the quantity of laboratories doing waste minimization practice related with the USEPA （United State Environmental Protection Agency） pollution hierarchy, an initial diagnostic about waste management at laboratories was conducted. The data gathered were used to start a training to laboratory personnel training about EPA-PH （Environmental Protection Agency-Pollution Hierarchy）. After training new diagnostics were performed. The applications of waste minimization practices in the laboratories were analyzed before and after the training. The most poorly practices performed year by year during the study period were ＂substitute nonhazardous materials＂, ＂chemical treatment＂ and ＂distillation＂. ＂Redistribute surplus chemical＂ was performed in 22 labs, 30 labs and 48 labs during years 2010, 2011 and 2013 respectively as the most common practice. This study showed that training about pollution prevention hierarchy increased the number of laboratories doing waste minimization practices, prioritizing reduction and prevention from the source.

Incinerability Index of Municipal Solid Waste and Its Correlation with Carbon Monoxide and Nitrogen Oxides Emissions

The main objective of this study was to establish optimal incineration conditions through the analysis of pollutant formation mechanisms involved in the combustion process of a retort incinerator. Calorific values of several types of municipal solid wastes were determined and related to specific incinerability indexes. The incinerability testing concerning this study was conducted on residues with an incinerability index （II） of 123. The samples were tested under different conditions： with and without chamber preheating, varying the percentage of inlet air （25, 50 and 75% of the system capacity）, measuring the temperatures of the primary and secondary chambers, and gauging the CO and NO stack emissions with an electrochemical cell. With comparative purposes in mind, samples with indexes ofI = 112, I = 123, I = 130 and I = 132 were also tested to assess the influence of the II on pollutant emissions.

Potential Mineralization of Various Organic Pollutants During Composting

The objectives of this work were to determine the potential mineralization of various organic pollutants that are likely found in compostable materials during composting, and to evaluate the participation of the microflora of the thermophilic and maturation composting phases in pollutant mineralization. Four composts were used： a biowaste compost （BioW）, a municipal solid waste compost （MSW）, a green waste compost （GW） and a co-compost of green waste and sludge （GW＋S）. In each composting plant, two samples were withdrawn： one in the thermophilic phase （fresh compost） and one in the maturation phase （mature compost） to have the microflora of thermophilic and maturation phases active, respectively. The mineralization of 5 organic pollutants, 3 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs） （i.e., phenanthrene, fluoranthene and benzo（a）pyrene）, 1 herbicide （dicamba） and 1 polychlorinated biphenyl （PCB, congener 52）, was measured in a laboratory setting during incubations at 60 ~C in fresh composts and at 28 ~C in mature composts. All molecules were 14C-labeled, which allowed the mineralization of the molecules to be measured by trapping of produced 14CO2 in NaOH. Their volatilization was also measured by trapping molecules on glass wool impregnated with paraffin oil. Mineralization of the organic molecules was only observed when the maturation microflora was present in the mature composts or when it was inoculated into the fresh compost. Phenanthrene mineralization of up to 60% in the fresh GW^S compost was the only exception. Mineralization of PAH decreased when the complexity of the PAH molecules increased. Mineralization of phenanthrene and fluoranthene reached 50%-70% in all mature composts. Benzo（a）pyrene was mineralized （30%） only in the MSW mature compost. Dicamba was moderately mineralized （30%-40%）. Finally, no PCB mineralization was detected, but 20% of the PCB had volatilized after 12 d at 60 ℃. No clear difference was observed in the degrading capacity of the different composts, and the major difference was the larger mineralizing capacity of the maturation microflora compared with the thermophilic microflora.