基于张量梯度直方图的Mean Shift跟踪算法

使用基于颜色直方图的Mean Shift跟踪算法,当目标在相似颜色背景、光照变化的情况下,视频跟踪性能迅速下降。文章提出了一种基于张量梯度直方图的Mean Shift跟踪算法,该算法使用张量梯度将RGB三维空间融合为一维空间,在有效地保护原向量方向性的前提下降低了维数。实验结果表明,基于张量梯度直方图的MeanShift跟踪算法耗时少,对光照变化不敏感,且对颜色变化依赖程度低,适合背景混淆和光照变化场合下跟踪。

航空磁力梯度张量测量——航空磁测技术的最新进展

评介了澳大利亚BHP比利顿矿产勘查公司和矿产发现技术公司的航空矢量磁测,美国地质调查所研制的地面张量磁梯度仪(用磁通门磁力仪),德国耶拿物理学高技术研究所的航空全张量磁力梯度仪系统(用LTS—SQUID),美国橡树岭国家实验室和特瑞斯坦技术公司(Tristan Technologies,Inc．)研究和开发的航空全张量磁力梯度仪系统(用HTS—SQUID),澳大利亚联邦科学工业研究组织(CSIRO)正在研制的航空张量磁梯度仪GETMAG和MAGSAFE(用HTS—SQUID),后者由CSIRO和澳大利亚国防科学与技术组织(DSTO)共同研制。提出了关于研究和开发我国航空磁测技术的建议．

重磁(梯度)张量数据边界识别方法研究

边界识别是重力数据解释的常规任务之一,但地质体的边界不能很好地与重力原始异常数据对应,而与重磁异常水平导数极大值、垂直导数零值相对应,因此大多利用该性质完成重磁边界识别任务。研究发现,现有边界识别方法会出现虚假边界,针对现有边界识别方法进行总结,并针对多余边界问题进行改进,提出新的边界识别,通过模型试验和实际数据证明,该方法可有效地去除多余边界,且降低了噪声的干扰,为重磁数据边界识别方法提供新的思路。

RS-HC3海洋全张量磁梯度系统及其应用

介绍了一套海洋全张量磁梯度系统,专门用于测量地球磁场三分量数据及张量磁力梯度数据,并实时采集设备的定位信息及姿态信息,以便于后续数据处理。系统由两组三分量磁力仪、惯导设备、GPS定位设备、温度/压力传感器等组成,特别适用于测量地磁场矢量空间的磁场变化率,在磁法勘探中的解释效果明显优于单探头标量测量和三探头标量梯度测量。

磁异常相关的四种物理信号性质分析

建立了一种特殊坐标系,从理论上推导了磁异常强度、全梯度模信号、张量梯度模信号和拉普拉斯信号等物理信号的表达式,并分析了它们具有的物理性质。采用仿真计算表明:拉普拉斯信号在空间的等值面非常接近于球面,其在平面上的等值线极大值对应磁性目标中心位置,而其它3种信号在平面上等值线极大值与磁性目标中心位置则存在一定的偏差。而且,4种物理信号随测点至磁性目标中心间距离的衰减速度也存在差异,其中,拉普拉斯信号与距离呈5次方衰减,磁异常强度与距离呈3次方衰减,而全梯度模信号和张量梯度模信号与距离都成4次方衰减。

碳酸盐岩断溶体内部结构识别技术及应用

碳酸盐岩断溶体是近年来发现的一种重要的新型碳酸盐岩圈闭类型。断溶体内部结构复杂、识别难度大,一直制约着储量潜力的充分挖掘、油藏的高效开发以及新井投产成功率的提高。常规断裂检测方法如相干、曲率、蚂蚁追踪等以表征断裂分布特征为主,不能很好地刻画断溶体圈闭的外部轮廓及内部结构特征。地震反射特征分析是识别断溶体及其内部结构特征的重要技术手段。基于实际地震资料,首先构建了断溶体“围岩—破碎带—油源主断裂区—破碎带—围岩”地质模型并分析其地震响应特征,利用断溶体顶部地震反射相位一致性特征去除上覆地层反射波形的影响,突出断溶体的弱反射振幅特征;然后利用正交合成张量梯度属性识别断溶体系统外部轮廓;最后利用去除上覆地层波形影响的数据进行波形指示反演,以张量梯度属性作为波形指示反演初始地质模型的约束条件,进而得到既能表征断溶体轮廓特征又能刻画断溶体内部结构特征的反演数据体。研究成果的实际应用为高效井优选、剩余油挖潜、提高油藏采收率以及对断溶体实施措施井建议等提供了重要的技术支持,具有较好的实用推广价值。

Full magnetic gradient tensor from triaxial aeromagnetic gradient measurements:Calculation and application

The full magnetic gradient tensor （MGT） refers to the spatial change rate of the three field components of the geomagnetic field vector along three mutually orthogonal axes. The tensor is of use to geological mapping, resources exploration, magnetic navigation, and others. However, it is very difficult to measure the full magnetic tensor gradient using existing engineering technology. We present a method to use triaxial aeromagnetic gradient measurements for deriving the full MGT. The method uses the triaxial gradient data and makes full use of the variation of the magnetic anomaly modulus in three dimensions to obtain a self-consistent magnetic tensor gradient. Numerical simulations show that the full MGT data obtained with the proposed method are of high precision and satisfy the requirements of data processing. We selected triaxial aeromagnetic gradient data from the Hebei Province for calculating the full MGT. Data processing shows that using triaxial tensor gradient data allows to take advantage of the spatial rate of change of the total field in three dimensions and suppresses part of the independent noise in the aeromagnetic gradient. The calculated tensor components have improved resolution, and the transformed full tensor gradient satisfies the requirement of geological mapping and interpretation.

Full gravity gradient tensors from vertical gravity by cosine transform

We present a method to calculate the full gravity gradient tensors from pre-existing vertical gravity data using the cosine transform technique and discuss the calculated tensor accuracy when the gravity anomalies are contaminated by noise. Gravity gradient tensors computation on 2D infinite horizontal cylinder and 3D ＂Y＂ type dyke models show that the results computed with the DCT technique are more accurate than the FFT technique regardless if the gravity anomalies are contaminated by noise or not. The DCT precision has increased 2 to 3 times from the standard deviation. In application, the gravity gradient tensors of the Hulin basin calculated by DCT and FFT show that the two results are consistent with each other. However, the DCT results are smoother than results computed with FFT. This shows that the proposed method is less affected by noise and can better reflect the fault distribution.

Noise filtering of full-gravity gradient tensor data

In oil and mineral exploration, gravity gradient tensor data include higher- frequency signals than gravity data, which can be used to delineate small-scale anomalies. However, full-tensor gradiometry （FTG） data are contaminated by high-frequency random noise. The separation of noise from high-frequency signals is one of the most challenging tasks in processing of gravity gradient tensor data. We first derive the Cartesian equations of gravity gradient tensors under the constraint of the Laplace equation and the expression for the gravitational potential, and then we use the Cartesian equations to fit the measured gradient tensor data by using optimal linear inversion and remove the noise from the measured data. Based on model tests, we confirm that not only this method removes the high- frequency random noise but also enhances the weak anomaly signals masked by the noise. Compared with traditional low-pass filtering methods, this method avoids removing noise by sacrificing resolution. Finally, we apply our method to real gravity gradient tensor data acquired by Bell Geospace for the Vinton Dome at the Texas-Louisiana border.

Edge enhancement of gravity anomalies and gravity gradient tensors using an improved small sub-domain filtering method

In order to enhance geological body boundary visual effects in images and improve interpretation accuracy using gravity and magnetic field data, we propose an improved small sub-domain filtering method to enhance gravity anomalies and gravity gradient tensors. We discuss the effect of Gaussian white noise on the improved small sub-domain filtering method, as well as analyze the effect of window size on geological body edge recognition at different extension directions. Model experiments show that the improved small sub-domain filtering method is less affected by noise, filter window size, and geological body edge direction so it can more accurately depict geological body edges than the conventional small sub-domain filtering method. It also shows that deeply buried body edges can be well delineated through increasing the filter window size. In application, the enhanced gravity anomalies and calculated gravity gradient tensors of the Hulin basin show that the improved small sub-domain filtering can recognize more horizontal fault locations than the conventional method.

Full tensor gravity gradiometry data inversion:Performance analysis of parallel computing algorithms

We apply reweighted inversion focusing to full tensor gravity gradiometry data using message-passing interface （MPI） and compute unified device architecture （CUDA） parallel computing algorithms, and then combine MPI with CUDA to formulate a hybrid algorithm. Parallel computing performance metrics are introduced to analyze and compare the performance of the algorithms. We summarize the rules for the performance evaluation of parallel algorithms. We use model and real data from the Vinton salt dome to test the algorithms. We find good match between model efficiency and feasibility of parallel computing gravity gradiometry data. and real density data, and verify the high algorithms in the inversion of full tensor

Improved preconditioned conjugate gradient algorithm and application in 3D inversion of gravity-gradiometry data

With the continuous development of full tensor gradiometer （FTG） measurement techniques, three-dimensional （3D） inversion of FTG data is becoming increasingly used in oil and gas exploration. In the fast processing and interpretation of large-scale high-precision data, the use of the graphics processing unit process unit （GPU） and preconditioning methods are very important in the data inversion. In this paper, an improved preconditioned conjugate gradient algorithm is proposed by combining the symmetric successive over-relaxation （SSOR） technique and the incomplete Choleksy decomposition conjugate gradient algorithm （ICCG）. Since preparing the preconditioner requires extra time, a parallel implement based on GPU is proposed. The improved method is then applied in the inversion of noise- contaminated synthetic data to prove its adaptability in the inversion of 3D FTG data. Results show that the parallel SSOR-ICCG algorithm based on NVIDIA Tesla C2050 GPU achieves a speedup of approximately 25 times that of a serial program using a 2.0 GHz Central Processing Unit （CPU）. Real airbome gravity-gradiometry data from Vinton salt dome （south- west Louisiana, USA） are also considered. Good results are obtained, which verifies the efficiency and feasibility of the proposed parallel method in fast inversion of 3D FTG data.

Three-dimensional conjugate gradient inversion of magnetotelluric full information data

Based on the analysis of impedance tensor data, tipper data, and the conjugate gradient algorithm, we develop a three-dimensional （3D） conjugate gradient algorithm for inverting magnetotelluric full information data determined from five electric and magnetic field components and discuss the method to use the full information data for quantitative interpretation of 3D inversion results. Results from the 3D inversion of synthetic data indicate that the results from inverting full information data which combine the impedance tensor and tipper data are better than results from inverting only the impedance tensor data （or tipper data） in improving resolution and reliability. The synthetic examples also demonstrate the validity and stability of this 3D inversion algorithm.

Three direction analytical signal analysis method of magnetic gradient tensor and application in the interpretation

Compared to conventional magnetic data,magnetic gradient tensor data contain more high-frequency signal components,which can better describe the features of geological bodies.The directional analytic signal of the magnetic gradient tensor is not easily interfered from the tilting magnetization,but it can infer the range of the fi eld source more accurately.However,the analytic signal strength decays faster with depth,making it diffi cult to identify deep fi eld sources.Balanced-boundary recognition can eff ectively overcome this disadvantage.We present here a balanced-boundary identifi cation technique based on the normalization of three-directional analytic signals from aeromagnetic gradient tensor data.This method can eff ectively prevent the fast attenuation of analytic signals.We also derive an Euler inversion algorithm of three-directional analytic signal derivative.By combining magnetic-anomaly model testing with the traditional magnetic anomaly interpretation method,we show that the boundary-recognition technology based on a magnetic gradient tensor analytic signal has a greater advantage in identifying the boundaries of the geological body and can better refl ect shallow anomalies.The characteristics of the Euler equation based on the magnetic anomaly direction to resolve the signal derivative have better convergence,and the obtained solution is more concentrated,which can obtain the depth and horizontal range information of the geological body more accurately.Applying the above method to the measured magneticanomaly gradient data from Baoding area,more accurate fi eld source information is obtained,which shows the feasibility of applying this method to geological interpretations.

Translation-invariant wavelet denoising of full-tensor gravity-gradiometer data

Denoising of full-tensor gravity-gradiometer data involves detailed information from field sources, especially the data mixed with high-frequency random noise. We present a denoising method based on the translation-invariant wavelet with mixed thresholding and adaptive threshold to remove the random noise and retain the data details. The novel mixed thresholding approach is devised to filter the random noise based on the energy distribution of the wavelet coefficients corresponding to the signal and random noise. The translation- invariant wavelet suppresses pseudo-Gibbs phenomena, and the mixed thresholding better separates the wavelet coefficients than traditional thresholding. Adaptive Bayesian threshold is used to process the wavelet coefficients according to the specific characteristics of the wavelet coefficients at each decomposition scale. A two-dimensional discrete wavelet transform is used to denoise gridded data for better computational efficiency. The results of denoising model and real data suggest that compared with Gaussian regional filter, the proposed method suppresses the white Gaussian noise and preserves the high-frequency information in gravity-gradiometer data. Satisfactory denoising is achieved with the translation-invariant wavelet.

Edge detection using directional eigenvalues of potential field gradient tensor data

Edge detection of potential field interpretation is an important task. The traditional edge detection methods have poor ability in outlining weak amplitude anomalies clearly. The resolved edges position is blurred.We purposed new edge detection methods based on directional eigenvalues of potential field gradient tensor for the causative sources. In order to balance strong and weak amplitude anomalies simultaneously,we present one normalization method using different orders of vertical derivatives to improve the new filters. The presented filters were tested on synthetic and real potential field data to verify its feasibility. All of the results have shown that the new edge detection methods can not only display the sources edges precisely and clearly,but also bring out more geological subtle details.

A fast-imaging method for airborne gravity gradient data based on tensor invariants

Airborne gravity gradient data contain additional short-wavelength information about the buried geological bodies.This study develops a fast interpretation method based on the gravity gradient data for the sources’spatial location and physical property parameters.This study analyzes the advantages of the source parameter inversion method based on tensor invariants.It proposes a normalized fast-imaging method based on tensor invariants to quickly estimate the spatial location parameters of sources through the local maximum value position of the imaging results.First,the tensor invariant characteristics and the imaging method’s effect in a simple model are analyzed using a theoretical model.Second,to analyze the imaging method’s application effect in complex model conditions,the method’s applicability is quantitatively analyzed using the data added with noise,superimposed anomalies of adjacent sources,and anomalies of deep and shallow geological bodies.The theoretical model’s simulation results show that the model’s imaging results in this study have satisfactory performance on the spatial position estimation of the sources.Finally,the method is applied to the gravity anomaly data corresponding to the Humble salt dome.The imaging results can effectively estimate the distribution of the salt dome’s horizontal and depths,verifying the practicability of the method.

Recovery of the gravity field from GOCE data by using the invariants of gradient tensor

The gravity field models GUCAS_EGM and GUCAS_EGM_DL are established from GOCE data (GOCE Level 2 Products from Nov. 1 to Dec. 31, 2009) based on the method of the invariants of the gravity gradient tensor, where GUCAS_EGM is derived after GOCE gravity gradient data are filtered with FIR, and GUCAS_EGM_DL is computed with an additional Durbin-Levison arithmetic apart from FIR. Since this method, different from current programs dealing with GOCE data, is introduced for the first time, some new problems are required to be discussed in advance; for example, how to filter GOCE gravity gradient data, how to compute the invariants of the gradient tensor, and how to deal with the pole gap and so on. In addition, by comparing our models with ones recommended by ESA, it can be seen that the variations of GUCAS_EGM and the models recommended by ESA to EGM08 are almost equivalent, and the variation of GUCAS_EGM_DL to EGM08 is obviously less than ones of the recommended models.

Multi-spacecraft observations of earthward flow bursts

On the basis of the plasma, electric and magnetic fields jointly observed by Cluster and the Double Star TC-I spacecraft in the Earth＇s magnetotail, we have investigated the earthward flow bursts by introducing the momentum equation in the X-direction in the ideal conditions of magneto hydrodynamics （MHD）. One earthward flow burst with a peak in excess of 500 km/s was selected, when the four spacecraft of Cluster were located around -16 RE and TC-1 was located around -10 RE in the X-direction. The inter-spacecraft distances in Y and Z directions were smaller than the statistical spatial scales of the bursty bulk flows. When the Y components of E and -VxB were compared, there was no clear breakdown of the frozen-in condition during the earthward flow burst. With the measured plasma and magnetic parameters from two spacecraft at different positions in the magnetotail, the X component of the pressure gradient was calculated. Magnetic tension was calculated using the mag- netic field measured at four points, which could be compared with the assumed constant in the past research with single satel- lite. When the pressure gradient and the magnetic tension were put into the MHD momentum equation, some samples of the earthward flow bursts were accelerated and some were decelerated. The braking process of the earthward flow burst was more complicated than what the past results had shown. The accelerated samples accounted for about one third of the whole earth- ward flow bursts and discontinuously located among the decelerated elements. The original single earthward flow burst event might be split into several short flow bursts when it was moving to the Earth. Our results may partly illustrate that the duration of fast flows during three phases of substorm becomes short near the Earth. The results are consistent with the past results that fast flows intrude to places earthward the typical braking region.