浅谈钢琴指法教学中的弱指训练

钢琴大师鲁宾斯坦曾经说过:"所谓钢琴演奏,就是在正确的地方,用正确的指法,弹奏正确的琴键。"大师一语道出了在钢琴演奏中,手指和指法的重要性。然而,由于生理机制和练习程度等原因,四指和五指在弹奏中表现为软弱无力,故被称谓"弱指"。本文从弱指的生理特点入手,提出了强化"弱指"弹奏能力的方法路径,旨在提出几点有借鉴意义的建议和措施。

钢琴教学中的手指特性及弱指训练

手指在弹奏时处于第一线的位置，在钢琴弹奏中，无论什么音色都需要五指来进行表达，也就是说五指是所有的音乐表达、速度、力度、音色控制的基础，在钢琴教学中必须要重视五指训练。而进行五指训练，首先要了解五指的特性。在五指中，由于3指、4指、5指不够灵活，又控制着旋律声部和关系到和弦性质的根音部位，因此，弱指训练又是五指训练中的重要内容。本文从手指的特性入手，探讨了弱指训练的意义和具体的训练方法。

论钢琴初学者手指弱指(4、5指)独立性的训练方法

在钢琴教学中,运用不同方式和方法对于钢琴学习者来说作用也是不同的,且现在的社会越来越重视钢琴的教学质量,所以,很多钢琴教育工作者对于钢琴教学进行了深入的研究。在钢琴教学的过程中,不单单是教授给学生理论知识,同时还要教授给学生演奏技巧,而学生在学习演奏技巧的过程中,手指基本功就是演奏技巧表现的基础,对于演奏技巧展现是否成功起到决定性因素,因此,在教授钢琴的过程中就需要重视学生手指基本功的训练,尤其是弱指(4、5指)训练。由于弱指的先天性因素和钢琴的演奏需求,使其在钢琴教学的过程中难度较大,同时也是必须注重的关键点。本人将弱指训练的训练方法分为两大类:第一类是有琴训练,主要是围绕《哈农钢琴练指法》《拜厄》展开的;第二类是无琴训练,主要是采用上肢力量训练和手指训练的方式。希望本文的研究能够为钢琴手指弱指(4、5指)的训练提供一些参考性的建议和意见。

钢琴教学中弱指的训练

钢琴教学对学生产生的积极影响有目共睹,越来越多的钢琴教育者开始对如何更好地开展钢琴教学这一项工作进行研究。现代教育背景下,钢琴教学不仅要教授学生钢琴理论知识,还要培养学生钢琴演奏技巧,而指法的选择与运用是影响钢琴演奏效果的关键因素,所以钢琴教学中需要重视指法训练,尤其是弱指训练。文章结合钢琴教学实际,分析了钢琴教学中弱指训练的方法。

“弱指”弹奏的作用及强化路径

钢琴弹奏中十指的独立灵活和均衡自如,是钢琴演奏技术的重要基本技能内容。然而,由于生理机制和习练程度等原因,四指和五指在弹奏中表现为软弱无力,故被称谓“弱指”。该文审视“弱指”的钢琴弹奏作用及其音乐表现意义,提出了强化“弱指”弹奏能力的方法路径,对钢琴演奏学习具有实际意义的指导价值。

钢琴演奏中弱指的训练方法刍议

本文就钢琴演奏中弱指的训练方法论题,说明了手指的特点;阐明了手指机能的训练措施;论述了弱指训练方法及提高钢琴弱指演奏水平教学策略.

钢琴弱指的训练方法

在钢琴的弹奏技巧当中,四指五指的独立弹奏能力相对比较弱,但是它在钢琴的弹奏任务当中却多处处于强势的地位。本文对如何进行弱指训练进行了论述,旨在为钢琴学习与演奏者提供一些训练方法。

试论日语文脉指示词的使用规律

日语文脉指示词“こ、そ、あ”三系的使用 ,颇受说话者的自他意识、主客观意识以及对指示对象的关心程度等心理因素制约。本文从两个方面 ,通过具体用例的分析 。

手指的个性与钢琴演奏

十个手指的力度、灵敏度、速度及千变万化的触健方式,是钢琴演奏之基础。钢琴老师在教学中都十分重视手指的训练。但每个手指的长短、强弱、粗细、软硬等都各有不同,要使这十个天生能力不同的手指得到平衡发展,我们就要认清自己每个手指的优缺点,对症下药进行有目的的训练,才能在钢琴上弹奏出丰富多彩、变化多端的声音。

Physiological and Biochemical Responses of Grape Yinhong Seedlings to Short-term Weaklight Stress

The plant growth and physiological and biochemical responses of root and leaves of grape Yinhong seedlings to the weak lights of 20 000,16 000,12 000,8 000 lx and the normal illumination of 25 000 lx（CK） respectively,were investigated.There was no significant dfference in growth indexes of root and leaves of grapevine seedlings between the light of 20 000 lx and CK,and the light of 16 000 lx and CK for 30 d.The chlorophyll contents,soluble protein contents,net photosynthetic rates,transpiration rates,stomatal conductance,water use efficiency and protective enzyme（CAT,POD,SOD） activities in the leaves under the lights of 20 000 lx and 16 000 lx for 30 d were all higher than those under the lights of 20 000 lx and 16 000 lx for 1 d.Under the light of 8 000 lx for 30 d,the growth indexes of root and leaves of grapevine seedlings were significantly lower than those of CK,and except for MDA content,most physiological and biochemical indexes of the leaves were significantly lower than those under the light of 8 000 lx for 1 d.Under12 000 lx,the values of most growth indexes in root and leaves and physiological and biochemical indexes in leaves were between the 16 000 lx and 8 000 lx.In conclusion,Yinhong could grow under the lights above 16 000 lx,and would be stunted by the weak light below 8 000 lx.

Assessing Vulnerability to Drought Based on Exposure,Sensitivity and Adaptive Capacity:A Case Study in Middle Inner Mongolia of China

In this paper,we proposed a framework for evaluating the performance of ecosystem strategies prepared for enhancing vulnerability reduction in the face of hazards due to climate change.The framework highlights the positive effects of human activities in the coupled human and natural system(CHANS) by introducing adaptive capacity as an evaluation criterion.A built-in regional vulnerability to a certain hazard was generated based upon interaction of three dimensions of vulnerability:exposure,sensitivity and adaptive capacity.We illustrated the application of this framework in the temperate farming-grazing transitional zone in the middle Inner Mongolia of the northern China,where drought hazard is the key threat to the CHANS.Specific indices were produced to translate such climate variance and social-economic differences into specific indicators.The results showed that the most exposed regions are the inner land areas,while counties located in the eastern part are potentially the most adaptive ones.Ordos City and Bayannur City are most frequently influenced by multiple climate variances,showing highest sensitivity.Analysis also indicated that differences in the ability to adapt to changes are the main causes of spatial differences.After depiction of the spatial differentiations and analysis of the reasons,climate zones were divided to depict the differences in facing to the drought threats.The climate zones were shown to be similar to vulnerability zones based on the quantitative structure of indexes drafted by a triangular map.Further analysis of the composition of the vulnerability index showed that the evaluation criteria were effective in validating the spatial differentiation but potentially ineffective because of their limited time scope.This research will be a demonstration of how to combine the three dimensions by quantitative methods and will thus provide a guide for government to vulnerability reduction management.

Establishing the Basic Indicator for the Calculation of the Flood Vulnerability Index for River Basins in Vietnam

Along with the concept, the method of assessing the vulnerability is becoming more and more diversified in many directions and fields. In general, these methods can be classified into two groups： （i） direct-qualitative （survey methods, integrated map ...） and （ii） indirectly-quantitative （method index）. The set of indicator plays a very important role in the successful application to any method and brings reliable results. Each basin or area with different natural geography, economics and society and so on, requires a different set of indicator. However, assessing any river basin in Vietnam needs the basic indicator. This study will establish the basic indicator for the construction of flood vulnerability index in Vietnam.

Application of Livelihood Vulnerability Index to Assess Risks from Flood Vulnerability and Climate VariabilitymA Case Study in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam

An Giang province in the Mekong Delta is the most vulnerable province the impact of flooding and climate variability. Thousand of households are at risk due to severe annual floods. This study applied the LVI （livelihood vulnerability index） to estimate flood vulnerability of Phu Huu and Ta Danh villages in An Giang province. Data on socio-demographics, livelihoods, health, social networks, physical, financial and natural resources, natural disasters and climate variability were collected from a survey of 120 households in each village. From these data the LVI of each village was calculated. Results show that the overall LV1 of Phu Huu village, located in the early flooded zone, is higher than that of Ta Danh village, located in the late flooded zone. The analysis also indicated that this practical method can be applied for other purposes such as to monitor vulnerability, evaluate development programs or policy effectiveness by incorporating with scenario comparison.

Relations Between Red Edge Characteristics and Agronomic Parameters of Crops

The hyperspectral reflectance of the canopy and the leaves on the main stemfor six varieties, two each of rice corn, and cotton crops, were measured at different growth stageswith an ASD FieldSpec Pro FR^(TM) to analyze red edge characteristics forleaf area indices (LAI),aboveground biomass, as well as the chlorophyll, carotenoid, and nitrogen content, emphasizingcomparative differences on the red edge parameters. The results showed a 'double peak' phenomenonfor the red edge of the canopy spectra but not for the leaves. There were 'increase' and 'decrease'change rules for the red edge position, lambda_r, the red edge slope, D lambda_r, and the red edgearea, S_r, of the canopy spectra for all 3 crops with a 'blue shift' for lambda_r of the leafspectra for all 3 crops as the development stages progressed. For rice, corn, and cotton the LAI andfresh leaf mass had highly significant correlations (P < 0.01) to the red edge parameters lambda_r,D lambda_r, and S_r of their canopy spectra. Additionally, for all crops the chlorophyll-a,chlorophyll-b, total chlorophyll, and carotenoid content of the leaves all had highly significant (P< 0.01) correlations to their lambda_r. For rice, the nitrogen content of the leaves in g kg^(-1)and phytomassfor a unit area of land in g m^(-2) also had a highly significant (P < 0.01)correlation to lambda_r, D lambda_r lambda_r, and S_r of the canopy spectra.

Auto-Aligned Sharing Fuzzy Fingerprint Vault

Recently, a cryptographic construct,called fuzzy vault, has been proposed for crypto-biometric systems, and some implementations for fingerprint have been reported to protect the stored fingerprint template by hiding the fingerprint features. However, all previous studies assumed that fingerprint features were pre-aligned, and automatic alignment in the fuzzy vault domain is a challenging issue.In this paper, an auto-aligned sharing fuzzy fingerprint vault based on a geometric hashing technique is proposed to address automatic alignment in the multiple-control fuzzy vault with a compartmented structure. The vulnerability analysis and experimental results indicate that, compared with original multiplecontrol fuzzy vault, the auto-aligned sharing fuzzy fingerprint vault can improve the security of the system.

Seismic Vulnerability of Building Construction Site

Building construction site plays an important role in the economic aspect of a region. So any disruption due to hazard event like earthquake can cause several direct and indirect damages. Direct damages can lead to the loss of equipments and qualified persons. Indirect damages can lead to inflation and loss of purchasing power. To deal with that situation, parameters that govern the vulnerability of building construction site have been identified. Using a MCDM （multiple criteria decision making） method, the priority order of these parameters has been set. Then a PVI （partial vulnerability index） and a GVI （global vulnerability index） are proposed. These indexes allow the classification of building construction sites according to their intrinsic vulnerability and seismic vulnerability respectively that is through the use of a given classification. Several Algerian building construction sites belonging to different seismic zones were considered in order to show the applicability of the method.

Development of Coastal Vulnerability Index for the Kingdom of Bahrain

The CVI （coastal vulnerability index） was developed and used to assess the vulnerability of the coastline of the Kingdom of Bahrain main islands to future SLR （sea level rise）. A total of 717 km of the coastline was evaluated. Six spatial factors acting on the coastal area： erosion/accretion patterns （shoreline change）, topography （elevation above mean sea level）, geology, geomorphology, slope, and mean sea level rise were incorporated and ranked to develop the CVI. This index was classified into four levels of vulnerability： low, moderate, high, and very high. Vulnerable hotspots are located along the central portions of the western and eastern coastlines. The vulnerability of these areas is mostly driven by their characteristically shallow coastal slopes, low elevations, and erosion-prone nature of the sandy soils presents, comprising about 54 km of the studied shoreline. Another 33 km of coastline were classified as highly vulnerable and located along the eastern coast. In addition, the western coast of the southern tip of the main island （Bahrain） was also classified as a highly vulnerable shoreline. Twenty-two km was classified as the moderate vulnerable. The remaining coastal areas were classified as low to moderately vulnerable comprising about 608 km of the total length of the coastline. Identifying those hotspots susceptible to SLR is essential for more effective coastal zone management and to help in reducing the impacts of SLR on both infrastructure and human beings.

Vulnerability to Desertification in Lebanon Based on Geo-information and Socioeconomic Conditions

Desertification caused by land degradation and overexploitation of natural resources is threatening large parts of eastern and southern Mediterranean. The actual state of desertification sensitivity in Lebanon was spatially assessed using site specific environmental bio-physical indicators, demographic pressure and socioeconomic conditions. Bio-physical assessment included the aridity index derived from integrated assessment of the historical data for 48 climatic stations spread throughout the country, the new detailed soil map at 1：50,000 scale, and the updated land cover/use map at 1：20,000 derived from IKONOS 2005. The methodology also included livelihood conditions and poverty at local administrative ＂Caza＂ level. Results showed the integrated impact of local climate, soil and vegetation quality and socioeconomic conditions on sensitivity to desertification. A total of 78% of the territories have low and very low climate quality index preconditioning the sensitivity to desertification. Fourteen Cazas out of 26 in total, representing more than 66% of the country, have low socioeconomic satisfaction index. Furthermore, negative trends are alleviated by good quality relict soils and vegetation cover. The actual extent of desertification covers 40.48% of the national territory, much of which occurs under semi-arid climate, moderate or low soil and vegetation quality and poor living conditions. The outcome of this research adjusted the previous coarse estimates of desertification prone areas at the national level. Results allow for realistic, policy oriented local assessment for responsive land use planning and proactive sustainable, national and local land management in the context of the national action plan to combat desertification.

Exponential Stability of Weak Solutions to Linear Thernioviscoelastic Systems

This paper is concerned with the exponential stability of weak solutions to a linear one-dimensional thermoviscoelastic system with clamped boundary conditions. This system defines a C0-semigroup {S（t）}t≥0 on the space L^2（0, 1） × C^1 （0,1） × H^1（0, 1）, which processes the property of the exponential stability.

论钢琴弹奏中的手指训练

本文是笔者多年来从事钢琴教育的心得体会,具有普遍性意义,也有特殊的个人见解。手指是钢琴弹奏的直接创造者,手指的训练需要一个长期艰苦的过程。正确、科学的手指训练对音乐的完美展现具有重要意义。