个体化强化防脱管护理对鼻饲患者非计划性拔管的影响

目的探讨个体化强化防脱管护理对鼻饲患者非计划性拔管的影响。方法选择2011年1月～2011年12月运用常规护理方法进行护理的47例患者作为对照组，2012年1月～2012年12月采用个体化强化防脱管护理方法进行护理的47例患者作为干预组，观察2组患者胃管留置期间非计划性拔管的情况。结果干预组非计划性拔管率为10．6％，显著低于对照组的27．7％，差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论对鼻饲患者置管期间，采用个体化强化防脱管护理，可有效减少非计划性拔管的发生，减少患者的痛苦和减轻患者的经济负担，提高了护理质量。

强化财务管理以助推企业转型升级

"加快转型升级,推进科学发展"是我们水业集团十二·五期间的战略发展中心,是未来几年里集团整个战略谋划的动力灵魂。围绕这一战略,我们集团对内有序进行组织结构调整和业务从组,对外成功实现了与临安水务的增资联营,并着手与杭州排水公司的拓展融合,与余杭水司的投资合作等等,但随着集团公司的升级发展,我们传统的记账、报表管理模式已经不能够满足企业的运营要求,必须寻突破立创新,逐步实现由财务会计核算向管理会计和财务战略管理的转型升级。

强化防脱管护理对颅脑外伤患者中心静脉置管滑脱率的影响分析

目的：在颅脑外伤患者的护理中使用强化防脱管护理对预防中心静脉置管滑脱效果进行探讨分析。方法：根据我院于2012年3月-2014年3月期间接收的颅脑外伤患者中选取80例采用中心静脉置管的患者来进行研究分析，随机将患者平均分组为A、B2组，采取不同的护理方法，A组40例患者使用一般临床护理方法，B组40例患者使用强化防脱管护理，对2组患者的护理效果进行对比分析。结果：A组患者中心静脉置管滑脱率为22．5％，B组患者中心静脉置管滑脱率为2．5％。A组患者舒适度平均分为6．70±1．12分，焦虑感平均分为56．81±8．35分，B组患者舒适度平均分为8．78±1．05分，焦虑感平均分为43．32±6．69分，在中心静脉导管滑脱率、舒适度以及焦虑感等指标上，B组明显优于A组（P〈0．05），组间比较差异显著，有统计学意义。结论：在对采用中心静脉置管的颅脑外伤患者护理时使用强化防脱管护理具有较为显著的效果，较之一般的临床护理更为优秀，大大地降低了中心静脉置管的滑脱率，提高患者的舒适度，减轻患者因疾病带来的疼痛和焦虑，且安全可靠，因此患者接受度高，值得在临床上进行推广使用。

脉动强化换热的研究与进展

强化脉动使管内流体湍流度增加,产生强制对流,并将对流引入边界层,同时产生空化效应,因而不仅能提高设备的换热率,还可抑菌、除垢。各脉动参数对强化换热效果均有不同的影响。文中总结了脉动强化换热的研究现状与研究方法,讨论了脉动在强化换热及抑垢、除垢方面的应用情况,并对脉动研究提出了展望。

智慧理答：语文教学的思与行

在教学实践中，笔者发现理答产生于师生互动，是一种因人而异的教学智慧，是教师对学生答问的结果及表现给予明确、有效的评价。本文结合实例，着重论述有效理答的形式。

Effect of cold rolling deformation on microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of spray formed Al−Zn−Mg−Cu−Cr alloys

The impact of cold rolling deformation,which was introduced after solid solution and before aging treatment,on microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of the as-extruded spray formed Al−9.8Zn−2.3Mg−1.73Cu−0.13Cr(wt.%)alloy,was investigated.SEM,TEM,and EBSD were used to analyze the microstructures,and tensile tests were conducted to assess mechanical properties.The results indicate that the D1-T6 sample,subjected to 25%cold rolling deformation,exhibits finer grains(3.35μm)compared to the D0-T6 sample(grain size of 4.23μm)without cold rolling.Cold rolling refines the grains that grow in solution treatment.Due to the combined effects of finer and more dispersed precipitates,higher dislocation density and smaller grains,the yield strength and ultimate tensile strength of the D1-T6 sample can reach 663 and 737 MPa,respectively.In comparison to the as-extruded and D0-T6 samples,the yield strength of the D1-T6 sample increases by 415 and 92 MPa,respectively.

Influence of thermomechanical treatment on recrystallization and softening resistance of Cu-6.5Fe-0.3Mg alloy

The recrystallization and softening resistance of a Cu-6.5Fe-0.3Mg(mass fraction,%)alloy prepared by Process 1(cold rolling heat treatment)and Process 2(hot/cold rolling heat treatment)were studied using Vickers hardness tests,tensile tests,scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy.The softening temperature,hardness and tensile strength of the alloy prepared by Process 2 were 110°C,HV 15 and 114 MPa higher,respectively,than those of the alloy prepared by Process 1 after aging at 300°C.The recrystallization activation energy of the alloys prepared by Process 1 and Process 2 were 72.83 and 98.11 kJ/mol,respectively.The pinning effects of the precipitates of the two alloys on grain boundaries and dislocations were basically the same.The softening mechanism was mainly attributed to the loss of dislocation strengthening.The higher Fe fiber density inhibited the average free migration path of dislocations and grain boundary migration in the alloy,which was the main reason for higher softening temperature of the alloy prepared by Process 2.

Evading strength−ductility trade-off of GH605 alloy using magnetic field-assisted undercooling treatment

Undercooling solidification under a magnetic field(UMF)is an effective way to tailor the microstructure and properties of Co-based alloys.In this study,by attributing to the UMF treatment,the strength−ductility trade-off dilemma in GH605 superalloy is successfully overcome.The UMF treatment can effectively refine the grains and increase the solid solubility,leading to the high yield strength.The main deformation mechanism in the as-forged alloy is dislocation slipping.By contrast,multiple deformation mechanisms,including stacking faults,twining,dislocation slipping,and their strong interactions are activated in the UMF-treated sample during compression deformation,which enhances the strength and ductility simultaneously.In addition,the precipitation of hard Laves phases along the grain boundaries can be obtained after UMF treatment,hindering crack propagation during compression deformation.

后进生的赏识教育

教育应该面向全体学生,促进所有学生健康而全面地发展,而后进生学习动机弱、缺乏积极的学习态度,可以说是影响教育发展的短板。如何挖掘后进生的潜能,激发他们的学习动机呢?笔者认为,我们可以通过实施赏识教育,转化后进生。文章主要介绍赏识教育的核心概念、教育案例、理论基础、具体措施、注意事项,并将它应用到教育教学实践中去,希望对一线教师的教育教学产生一定的启发。教育心理学认为:渴望被重视。

椭圆管开缝翅片换热表面特性的三维数值分析

研究了平片圆管表面,开缝片圆管和开缝片椭圆管表面的流动和换热特性。翅片表面的缝为辐射布置,下游布置较多的缝。椭圆管的长短轴之比为2.25,与圆管具有相同的周长。研究结果表明,两种开缝片的换热量远大于平片,椭圆管开缝片的压降低于圆管开缝表面。在泵功消耗减少2.5%时,椭圆管开缝的换热量比圆管开缝高7%。椭圆管虽不能改善温度梯度和速度场的协同,然而压降远低于圆管开缝片,使其具有较好的综合特性。

Formability and strengthening mechanism of AA6061 tubular components under solid granule medium internal high pressure forming

A new technological process of tube forming was developed, namely solution treatment → granule medium internal high pressure forming → artificial aging. During this process, the mechanical properties of AA6061 tube can be adjusted by heat treatment to satisfy the process requirements and the processing method can also be realized by granule medium internal high pressure forming technology with the features of convenient implementation, low requirement to equipment and flexible design in product. Results show that, at a solution temperature of 560 ℃ and time of 120 min, the elongation of AA6061 increases by 313%, but the strength and the hardness dramatically decrease. At an aging temperature of 180 ℃ and time of 360 min, the strength and hardness of AA6061 alloy are recovered to the values of the as-received alloy. The maximum expansion ratio（MER） of AA6061 tube increases by 25.5% and the material properties of formed tube reach the performances of raw material.

Temperature variation and solution treatment of high strength AA7050

Temperature variation and solution treatment of high strength aluminum alloy were investigated with temperature data acquisition system,microstructural observation,mechanical properties test,electrical conductivity measurement and differential scanning calorimetry（DSC） analysis.Specimens with two dimensions were employed in the experiment.The results indicate that the specimens with large size undergo low solution temperature and short time,giving rise to the reduction of hardening precipitates.The optimized solution treatments for specimens with dimensions of 25 mm×25 mm×2.5 mm and 70 mm×60 mm×20 mm are（480 ℃,30 min） and（480 ℃,90 min）,respectively.The densities of GP zones and η＇ phases of the small specimen are higher than those of the large specimen,which is consistent with the properties of the alloys.

Physiological Mechanism for Anthocyanins to Strengthen the Drought Tolerance of Plants

This paper summarized the possible physiological mechanism by which anthocyanins strengthen the tolerance of plants to drought. Drought stress can in-duce plant cel s to synthesize and accumulate anthocyanins. The photochemical properties, subcel ular accumulation sites and spatial distributions in plant organs and tissues of anthocyanins determine their function of strengthening plant tolerance, which is realized by three possible physiological mechanisms： （1） anthocyanins and their chelated metal ions can optimize the osmoregulation ability of the plant cel s by directly acting as the osmoregulation substances of the cel s, （2） anthocyanins with suitable spatial locations can reduce the photoinhibition of the plants under drought stresses, （3） anthocyanins can effectively maintain and improve the active oxygen-scavenging capacity of the plant cel s under drought conditions. Therein, that the anthocyanins enhance the antioxidant capacity of the plant cel s under drought stresses is probably the main reason for the anthocyanins to strengthen the drought tolerance of plants. This review could provide a reference for the mechanism re-search of the drought resistance and the breeding of the drought-resistant cultivars for the plants holding the ability to synthesize and accumulate anthocyanins.

Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging features of hepatic hemangioma compared with enhanced computed tomography

AIM:To clarify features of hepatic hemangiomas on gadolinium-ethoxybenzyl-diethylenetriaminpentaacetic acid (Gd-EOB-DTPA)-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) compared with enhanced computed tomography (CT). METHODS:Twenty-six patients with 61 hepatic hem- angiomas who underwent both Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced MRI and enhanced CT were retrospectively reviewed. Hemangioma appearances (presence of peripheral nodular enhancement, central nodular enhancement, diffuse homogenous enhancement, and arterioportal shunt during the arterial phase, fill-in enhancement during the portal venous phase, and prolonged enhancement during the equilibrium phase) on Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced MRI and enhanced CT were evaluated.The degree of contrast enhancement at the enhancing portion within the hemangioma was visually assessed using a five-point scale during each phase. For quantitative analysis, the tumor-muscle signal intensity ratio (SIR), the liver-muscle SIR, and the attenuation value of the tumor and liver parenchyma were calculated. The McNemar test and the Wilcoxon's signed rank test were used to assess the significance of differences in the appearances of hemangiomas and in the visual grade of tumor contrast enhancement between Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced MRI and enhanced CT. RESULTS:There was no significant difference between Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced MRI and enhanced CT in the presence of peripheral nodular enhancement (85% vs 82%), central nodular enhancement (3% vs 3%), diffuse enhancement (11% vs 16%), or arterioportal shunt (23% vs 34%) during arterial phase, or fill-in enhancement (79% vs 80%) during portal venous phase. Prolonged enhancement during equilibrium phase was observed less frequently on Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced MRI than on enhanced CT (52% vs 100%, P < 0.001). On visual inspection, there was significantly less contrast enhancement of the enhancing portion on Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced MRI than on enhanced CT during the arterial (3.94 ± 0.98 vs 4.57 ± 0.64, respectively, P < 0.001), portal venous (3.72 ± 0.82 vs 4.36 ± 0.53, respectively, P < 0.001), and equilibrium phases (2.01 ± 0.95 vs 4.04 ± 0.51, respectively, P < 0.001). In the quantitative analysis, the tumor-muscle SIR and the liver-muscle SIR observed with Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced MRI were 0.80 ± 0.24 and 1.28 ± 0.33 precontrast, 1.92 ± 0.58 and 1.57 ± 0.55 during the arterial phase, 1.87 ± 0.44 and 1.73 ± 0.39 during the portal venous phase, 1.63 ± 0.41 and 1.78 ± 0.39 during the equilibrium phase, and 1.10 ± 0.43 and 1.92 ± 0.50 during the hepatobiliary phase, respectively. The attenuation values in the tumor and liver parenchyma observed with enhanced CT were 40.60 ± 8.78 and 53.78 ± 7.37 precontrast, 172.66 ± 73.89 and 92.76 ± 17.92 during the arterial phase, 152.76 ± 35.73 and 120.12 ± 18.02 during the portal venous phase, and 108.74 ± 18.70 and 89.04 ± 7.25 during the equilibrium phase, respectively. Hemangiomas demonstrated peak enhancement during the arterial phase, and both the SIR with Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced MRI and the attenuation value with enhanced CT decreased with time. The SIR of hemangiomas was lower than that of liver parenchyma during the equilibrium and hepatobiliary phases on Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced MRI. However, the attenuation of hemangiomas after contrast injection was higher than that of liver parenchyma during all phases of enhanced CT. CONCLUSION:Prolonged enhancement during the equilibrium phase was observed less frequently on Gd-EOB-DTPA-enhanced MRI than enhanced CT, which may exacerbate differentiating between hemangiomas and malignant tumors.

Fabrication and mechanical properties of Ti_(2)AlC/TiAl composites with co-continuous network structure

Ti_(2)AlC/TiAl composites with different volume fractions were prepared by hot pressing technology,and their reinforced structural characteristics and mechanical properties were evaluated.The results showed that when the reinforced phase volume fraction of Ti_(2)AlC was 20%,three-dimensional interpenetrating network structures were formed in the composites.Above 20%,Ti_(2)AlC phase in the composites accumulated and grew to form thick skeletal networks.The microplastic deformation behavior of Ti_(2)AlC phase,such as kink band and delamination,improved the fracture toughness of the composites.Comparative analysis indicated that the uniform and small interconnecting network structures could further reinforce the composites.The bending strengths of composites prepared with 20 vol.%Ti_(2)AlC reached(900.9±45.0)MPa,which was 25.5% higher than that of TiAl matrix.In general,the co-continuous Ti_(2)AlC/TiAl composite with excellent mechanical properties can be prepared by powder metallurgy method.

Strengthening contributions in ultra-high strength cryorolled Al-4%Cu-3%TiB_2 in situ composite

Ultra-high strength Al alloy system was developed by cryorolling and the contribution of various strengthening mechanisms to the overall yield strength of the system was evaluated. Cryorolling of Al-4%Cu-3%TiB2 in situ composite followed by short annealing at 175 ℃ and ageing at 125℃ resulted in an ultra-high yield strength of about 800 MPa with 9%total elongation. The strengthening contributions form solid solution strengthening, grain refinement, dislocation strengthening, precipitation hardening and dispersion strengthening were evaluated using standard equations. It was estimated that the maximum contribution was from grain refinement due to cryorolling followed by precipitation and dispersion strengthening.

Enhanced treatment of water with low turbidity:Combined effects of permanganate, PAM and recycled sludge

The effectiveness of enhancing treatment of water with low turbidity through combined effects of permanganate oxidation, PAM aiding coagulation and sludge recycling was investigated through continuous bench scale studies. In comparing with ferric chloride coagulation, only recycling sedimentation sludge was ineffective in enhancing treatment of water with low turbidity. PAM with recycled sludge showed positive effects, and the additional permanganate dosing exhibited the best potential of favoring coagulation, which leaded to much lower effluent turbidity and CODMa. Additionally, it was observed that the optimal permanganate dosage was 0. 4 mg/ L and the higher permanganate dosage exhibited inhibiting effects for pollutants removal. SEM analysis indicated that the floes were loosely formed and the particle diameter was critically low for ferric chloride coagulation process. Comparatively, the addition of PAM and permanganate with recycled sludge facilitated the aggregation of tinny particles onto compact PAM polymer chains, therefore contributing to the formation of compact floes with high particle diameter. The combined employment of recycled sludge, PAM and permanganate showed the best potential of favoring coagulation, mainly through synergistic effects between seeding, polymer bridging and increasing effective collision in mechanism. Additionally, the variation of Fe and Mn concentration after recycling and sedimentating units was studied for the processes, and the main species was also investigated for elements Fe and Mn. Sludge recycling and permanganate addition did not increase Fe and Mn concentration in the sedimented water.

强化防脱管护理对颅脑外伤患者中心静脉置管滑脱率的影响

目的探讨强化防脱管护理对颅脑外伤患者中心静脉置管滑脱率的影响。方法选择2009年1-～12月ICU接受中心静脉置管的脑外伤患者188例，将2009年1～6月收治的94例患者列为对照组，将2009年7～12月收治的94例患者列为改良组。对照组实施常规中心静脉置管护理。改良组实施强化防脱管护理。观察2组患者中心静脉导管留置期间导管滑脱的发生情况。结果改良组导管滑脱率为4．26％显著低于对照组的14．89％。结论对颅脑外伤患者中心静脉置管期间，采用强化防脱管护理，可有效防止导管滑脱，减少患者的痛苦和经济负担。

Enhanced primary treatment of low-concentration municipal wastewater by means of bio-flocculant Pullulan

Jar tests were conducted to investigate the performance of enhanced primary treatment processes for low-concentra-tion municipal wastewater from South China by using composite flocculant combined with bio-flocculants Pullulan and poly-aluminum-chloride (PAC). The optimum dosage for composite flocculant and conditions for flocculation were determined. The experimental results indicated that composite flocculant had high efficiency for removing over 95% of turbidity, over 58% of CODCr (chemical oxygen demand determined with potassium dichromate), over 91% of TP (total phosphate), and over 15% of NH3-N. Moreover, it could improve sludge settling and dehydration properties, and decrease the treatment cost.

Microstructure and tensile properties of Mg-Li-Al-Zn based alloys with Ce addition

Mg-5Li-3Al-2Zn-xCe（x=0-2.5;mass fraction,%） alloys were prepared by casting,and heat treatments of homogenization at 300 °C and solid solution at 370 °C were carried out.The microstructure and tensile properties of as-cast alloys and their evolutions after solid solution were investigated.The results show that with the increase of Ce content,Al2Ce/Al3Ce precipitates are formed and the alloys mainly consist of α-Mg,Al2Ce,Al3Ce and AlLi phases,and the amount of AlLi and Al-Ce intermetallics decreases after solid solution.The content and morphology of the second phases have important effects on the mechanical properties of the alloys;the alloy with 1.0%Ce content exhibits excellent tensile strength.The tensile strength and elongation of Mg-5Li-3Al-2Zn-0.5Ce alloy is remarkably improved by the solution strengthening effect because of the addition of Ce.