双向优选论

优选论是20世纪90年代初出现的一种新的音系学理论。优选论产生于音系学领域，但是，它的基本理论也被广泛地应用于句法、语义、语用等领域。双向优选论是在优选论的语用学应用研究中提出的一种理论模式。该理论整合了单向的言语产出优选模式及言语释义优选模式，是基于说话人与听话人在会话过程中同时优化各自言语行为这一假设提出的。主要对双向优选分析模式进行评述，将阐述它的两个版本——强版本和弱版本，并通过实例来说明该理论。

脑电影,还是心游戏?--探寻哲学与电影的“强”连接可能

关于电影和哲学大致有两种针锋相对的立场。一种是温和立场,仅将电影作为哲学思辨的拓展、补充乃至例示。与之相反的强版本立场则更强调"电影作为哲学"这一基本出发点,坚持认为电影本身就是思考,并且是一种与哲学思辨截然不同的思考。强版本的电影哲学大致经历了三个主要的发展阶段,分别是爱泼斯坦的非思、德勒兹的脑电影以及埃尔塞瑟的心游戏。心游戏电影不仅试图挣脱好莱坞谜电影日益僵化的叙事圈套,更意在敞开思想实验的别样可能。

Features of rainfall and latent heating structure simulated by two convective parameterization schemes

Using the latest version of SAMIL (Spectral Atmosphere Model of IAP LASG) developed by LASG/IAP,we evaluate the model performance by analyzing rainfall,latent heating structure and other basic fields with two different convective parameterization schemes:Manabe Scheme and Tiedtke Scheme.Results show that convective precipitation is excessively overestimated while stratiform precipitation is underestimated by Tiedtke scheme,thus causing less stratiform rainfall proportion compared with TRMM observation.In contrast,for Manabe scheme stratiform rainfall belt is well simulated,although precipitation center near Bay of Bengal (BOB) spreads eastward and northward associated with unrealistic strong rainfall downstream of the Tibet Plateau.The simulated latent heating structure indicates that Tiedtke scheme has an advantage over Manabe scheme,as the maximum convective latent heating near middle of troposphere is well reproduced.Moreover,the stratiform latent heating structure is also well simulated by Tiedtke scheme with warming above freezing level and cooling beneath freezing level.As for Manabe scheme,the simulated maximum convective latent heating lies near 700 hPa,lower than the observation.Additionally,the warming due to stratiform latent heating extends to the whole vertical levels,which is unreasonable compared with observation.Taylor diagram further indicates that Tiedtke scheme is superior to Manabe scheme as higher correlation between model output and observation data is achieved when Tiedtke scheme is employed,especially for the temperature near 200 hPa.Finally,a possible explanation is addressed for the unrealistic stratiform rainfall by Tiedtke scheme,which is due to the neglect of detrained cloud water and cloud ice during convective process.The speculation is verified through an established sensitivity experiment.

Climate sensitivities of two versions of FGOALS model to idealized radiative forcing

Projections of future climate change by climate system models depend on the sensitivities of models to specified greenhouse gases.To reveal and understand the different climate sensitivities of two versions of LASG/IAP climate system model FGOALS-g2 and FGOALS-s2,we investigate the global mean surface air temperature responses to idealized CO2 forcing by using the output of abruptly quadrupling CO2 experiments.The Gregory-style regression method is used to estimate the"radiative forcing"of quadrupled CO2 and equilibrium sensitivity.The model response is separated into a fast-response stage associated with the CO2 forcing during the first 20 years,and a slow-response stage post the first 20 years.The results show that the radiative forcing of CO2 is overestimated due to the positive water-vapor feedback and underestimated due to the fast cloud processes.The rapid response of water vapor in FGOALS-s2 is responsible for the stronger radiative forcing of CO2.The climate sensitivity,defined as the equilibrium temperature change under doubled CO2 forcing,is about 3.7 K in FGOALS-g2 and4.5 K in FGOALS-s2.The larger sensitivity of FGOALS-s2 is due mainly to the weaker negative longwave clear-sky feedback and stronger positive shortwave clear-sky feedback at the fast-response stage,because of the more rapid response of water vapor increase and sea-ice decrease in FGOALS-s2 than in FGOALS-g2.At the slow-response stage,similar to the fast-response stage,net negative clear-sky feedback is weaker in FGOALS-s2.Nevertheless,the total negative feedback is larger in FGOALS-s2 due to a larger negative shortwave cloud feedback that involves a larger response of total cloud fraction and condensed water path increase.The uncertainties of estimated forcing and net feedback mainly come from the shortwave cloud processes.