历史·理论·实践:近代中国武术“强种救国”话语构建逻辑新探--以中央国术馆为中心

从历史、理论、实践三重维度对近代中国武术“强种救国”话语构建的逻辑探赜,有助于深刻理解近代中国武术“强种救国”话语构建的内在逻辑和深层脉络。运用多重史料互证和历史与逻辑相统一的方法,基于话语构建视角,以中央国术馆为中心,围绕“强种救国”核心话语,探赜近代中国武术话语构建的三重逻辑。从历史逻辑看,在“国之病夫”的隐喻与“身之病夫”符号的共同作用下,所激发的尚武图强思潮,是近代中国武术“强种救国”话语构建的逻辑起点。从理论逻辑看,在救亡图存语境下,从国家、民族、社会三个层面,寄望通过对国民身体的征用、对民族体育的坚守和对武者身体的规训达至民族复振和国家强盛之目的,是近代中国武术“强种救国”话语构建的逻辑机理。从实践逻辑看,在国术救国历史主题叙事中,中央国术馆通过多种举措激活国民武术价值观念的认同机制、坚守传统筑牢国民武术文化自信的思想根基、国际推广构建民族文化符号和重塑国家形象,是近代中国武术“强种救国”话语构建的逻辑进路。以古鉴今,通过对近代中国武术“强种救国”话语构建的研究,提出中国武术应以国家意志为根本导向,以身国同构为逻辑理据,遵循民健国强发展进路的当代启示。

近代中国民族主义思潮建构下女性身体之重塑——周春燕《女体与国族:强国强种与近代中国的妇女卫生(1895-1949)》介评

台湾学者周春燕所著《女体与国族:强国强种与近代中国的妇女卫生(1895-1949)》一书~①,为内地史学界认作是“目前台湾仅有的卫生史方面的专著”~②,对于中国妇女史、医疗卫生史与身体史等相关领域的研究,均有重要的推动作用。然而,由于种种原因,目前两岸学界尚未对该书做出深入评论~③,殊为遗憾。

张之江武术思想的国民意识历史缘起、思想实践及其当代价值

本文采用文献资料法、逻辑分析法等研究方法,以张之江的武术思想为基础,以《张之江先生国术言论集》为研究史料,钩沉张之江国民意识兴盛的历史缘起、思想实践及其当代价值。研究认为:面对振兴中华的困扰与使命,张之江积极筹建中央国术馆,寄希望以国术实现强种救国,振奋民族精神,祛除民风羸弱之意象。鉴于此,总结张之江“国术救国”的实践行动可知,张之江以国术拯救民族的国民意识可以为新时代中华民族伟大复兴提供历史镜鉴与理论参照。

尚武精神:近代习武群体的凝聚力与社会思潮的影响力

“尚武”或“尚武精神”是研究近代武术和体育最鲜明的标志之一。文章以历史为线索，以鸦片战争、甲午中日战争和八国联军侵华战争为背景，结合精武会、土样体育之争、爱国人士言论，重点研究孙中山和梁启超“尚武”思想的历史意义和作用。研究认为：“尚武精神”一词最早是由孙中山先生为《精武本纪》创刊之时所作的序言，并将“尚武精神”归纳为“盖以振起从来体育之技击术为务，于强种保国有莫大之关系”。“尚武”是一个逐步认识而相对宽泛的概念。是指军事训练与兵操；体育与体操；军国民主义和教育等方面。梁启超则认为，“尚武”不仅是一种停留于物质层面的模仿形式，更重要的是精神内涵，而军国民主义的核心就是“尚武精神”。“尚武精神”是在“四万万人齐下泪，天涯何处是神州”的背景下的呐喊，它集中代表了中华民族爱国、强身、保民、勇为、自强、抗争、向上的精神。

清末中国医界对西方医学的观察与仿行

在晚清的中西医对比中,西方慎重医学、医风谨严渐成人之共识。时人观察到西方医者经考试合格给以执照后方可行医,在一定程度上确实避免了庸医之害,故主张中国医界也仿行考医一制,以达医学之善。虽然仍有人反对,从负面指出考医制存在的问题,但在西方医学的影响及冲击之下,中国医界仍渐行此制。与考医制一样,医院、医会、医报等西来形制也受到了关注与仿行。同时,时人倡言重医兴医,还有着医学之外的关怀,即强种强国。

解读近代中国“尚武”思潮

本文采用史料印证法、逻辑分析法和综合研究法等,并以鸦片战争、甲午中日战争和八国联军侵华战争为历史背景,侧重于研究严复、康有为、孙中山、蔡元培、梁启超、蔡锷等政治家、思想家、史学家和教育家所倡导的"尚武"与"尚武精神"。研究认为:洗刷"东亚病夫"的耻辱只有"尚武","强种强国"也必须"尚武"。

解析孙中山《精武本纪·序》的体育思想

从孙中山先生与《精武本纪·序》的体育思想与精神的概述入手,分析孙中山先生强调传统武术的社会根源,解析《精武本纪·序》对传统武术的意义,阐释孙中山先生对于传统武术的重视。从体育能够强种保国,以及需要注重体育团体的作用,解读孙中山在《精武本纪·序》中的体育思想、体育救国思想。

民国武化运动的内容、逻辑及其新时代启示

民国武化运动是一场针对民国危局寻找中华民族出路的运动,是相对于新文化运动而言的。其思想在今天依然具有时代价值。文章运用文献资料法、逻辑分析法等对民国武化运动的内容、逻辑及其新时代启示展开研究。研究认为,民国武化运动主要通过改造军人群体、提倡军事教育和体育救国及武术救国等内容,培育和弘扬中华民族尚武精神。救亡图存是其应激性反应的外在逻辑,强种强国是其内在的正向逻辑。其弘扬体育和武术的内在逻辑就是强国必要强种,强种必要习武,习武必要塑造具有尚武精神的现代化人格。这些逻辑思想光芒在新时代的重要价值是加强武化教育,建设一支具有尚武精神的现代化军队;通过武化教育,培养新时代青年自强不息、敢于担当的精神品质;增强价值认同,弘扬体育和武术文化的强身健体和教育功能。

论翁澜前的报告文学

本文从三个方面论述翁澜前同志报告文学的特点:一、以特殊的感情,倾心雕塑广东体育健儿,为岭南文学建造了—座粤海体坛的人物画廊;二、以独特的角度,展现运动员丰富多彩的生活与活动,展示他们对事业的执着追求和顽强拼搏的进取精神;三、不赶时髦,坚持写出具备情、象、理三者有机结合的文学特征,做到立象以尽情、理,又融情、理于象的境地。对人物的细节和心灵,以及作品的结构、氛围和语辞等,都有独到的表现。

Synthesis and optical properties research of gold nanoparticles with different morphologies

This paper presents an approach to synthesis of gold nanoparticles with different morphologies and investigation of the relationship between morphologies and their optical properties.Spherical gold nanoparticles with different sizes are synthesized via reduction method.Using seed-mediated solution growth method,gold nanoparticles with shuttle,star and stick shapes can be obtained.The sizes and morphologies of the gold nanoparticles are characterized by transmission electron microscopy （TEM）.The characterization results illustrate the growth process of the gold nanoparticles with different morphologies.Absorption spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy measurements are performed to demonstrate the relationship between the morphologies and optical properties.The results of Raman characterization show that the gold nanoparticles with different morphologies can be used to probe molecules with different concentrations.

Effects of Illumination Intensity, 5-aminolevulinic Acid Concentration and Their Interaction on Chlorophyll Fluorescence Parameters and Yield of Summer Maize

[Objective] This study aimed to investigate the influence of illumination intensity, 5-aminolevulinic acid （ALA） concentration and their interaction on chlorophyll fluorescence parameters and yield of summer maize. [Method] Two illumination intensity levels and five ALA concentrations were applied in the experiment using 2x5 completely balanced program. The two illumination intensity levels were natural light （So） and 60% shade （SO, and five ALA concentrations were 0, 1, 10, 25 and 50 mg/L. [Result] The relative chlorophyll content of leaf （SPAD）, the optimal/maximal quantum yield of PS II （Fv/Fm）, the photochemical quenching coefficient （qP）, electron transport rate （ETR）, grain number per cob and grain weight per cob in $1 treatment were significantly reduced compared with that in So. However, the non- photochemical quenching coefficient （qN） was significantly increased. The responses of these parameters to ALA were different under So and $1 treatments. The SPAD, Fv/Fm, qP, ETR, grain number and grain weight per cob were firstly increased, but then decreased following the raise of ALA concentration, ranging from 0 to 50 mg/L, whereas qN showed opposite trend. The effect of the interaction of illumination in- tensity and ALA concentration on these parameters was significant （P〈0.05）. Under natural light, summer maize could obtain higher SPAD, Fv/Fm, qP and ETR and lower qN combined with low concentration of ALA. However, high concentration of ALA was needed under shading to get the same results. [Conclusion] Soaking seed in suitable concentration of ALA can reduce the yield loss of summer maize caused by short-term shading in seedling stage.

Corrosion behavior and mechanical properties of cold metal transfer welded dissimilar AA7075-AA5754 alloys

Cold metal transfer(CMT) welding is a brand-new arc welding technique which shows adequate results for welding of thin sheets and dissimilar materials. Corrosion behavior of dissimilar aluminum joints should be determined in terms of predicting the effect of welding process on the possible failures in their constructions caused by corrosive agents. The present study investigates the effect of heat input on mechanical properties and corrosion rate of AA5754-AA7075 joints welded by CMT using ER5356 filler wire. Pore formation was observed not only in the weld metal but also in the partially melted zone of AA7075 base metal due to the vaporization of zinc. Increased heat input caused over aging and zinc vaporization in AA7075 base metal, and grain coarsening in AA5754 base metal consequently decreased the tensile strength. The average tensile strength of AA7075-AA5754 joints varies between 235 and 240 MPa. The ductile fracture occurred at the AA5754 base metal side in all samples. Pitting was observed as the dominant corrosion mechanism. Corrosion resistance tended to increase with increasing heat input. Heat input values between 95 and 110 J/mm are recommended for the optimization of corrosion resistance and strength.

Intensifying gibbsite precipitation from sodium aluminate solution by adding a mixed seed

Gibbsite precipitation from sodium aluminate solution was intensified by adding mixed industrial and self-prepared active seeds,and its mechanism was researched preliminarily.The interfacial properties of seed/aluminate solution were determined for separate industrial and active seed.Contact angles of seed/aluminate solution and the specific surface area of seeds were respectively measured by sessile drop and BET method,and the morphology and particle size of precipitates were recorded by SEM and laser diffraction.The results show that,compared with the industrial seed,the active seed has a better wettability,lower interfacial tension,and larger specific surface area,being conducive to enhancing gibbsite precipitation from sodium aluminate solution.SEM analysis of the precipitates indicates that the embedment and accumulation/agglomeration of extremely fine particles on the surface of coarse industrial seed can effectively control the content of fine particles in the precipitation product.With extra 3.1–4.6 g/L active seed,the gibbsite precipitation ratio was increased by 3.23%–3.92%.Moreover,the mass percentage of particles<45μm in precipitation product has even a slight decrease compared with that for the traditional precipitation product or of the industrial seed itself.The result presented is favorable to developing an intensified gibbsite precipitation process for commercial alumina manufacture.

Probing the role of surface speciation of tin oxide and tin catalysts on CO_(2) electroreduction combining in situ Raman spectroscopy and reactivity investigations

Electrochemical CO_(2)reduction to formate is a promising approach to store renewable electricity and utilize CO_(2).Tin oxide catalysts are efficient catalysts for this process,while the mechanisms underneath,especially the existence and role of oxidized tin species under CO2 electroreduction conditions remain unclear.In this work,we provide strong evidence on the presence of oxidized tin species on both SnO_(2)and Sn during CO_(2)reduction via in situ surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy,while in different nature.Reactivity measurements show similar activity and selectivity to formate production on SnO_(2)and Sn catalysts.Combined analysis of Raman spectra and reactivity results suggests that Sn(IV)and Sn(II)oxide species are unlikely the catalytic species in CO_(2)electroreduction to formate.

Effect of Silicon and Nitrogen Nutrition on Pest and Disease Intensity in Rice

Nutrition management is the most important for high yield production but it may affect the response of rice plants to pest and diseases due to the change of microclimate under rice plant canopy. The knowledge of nutrition management and its relation with pest and diseases are basis for setting up a high yield production system. Most of the pest and disease control procedures used by farmers can be considered as soil fertility management and these nutrition practices can have impact on the physiological susceptibility of crop plants to pest and diseases by affecting the plant resistance. Silicon content of plants is particularly effective against pest and diseases in rice and certain rice genotypes are more efficient accumulators of silicon, thus making them more resistant. In the absence of natural heritable resistance in rice varieties, resistance could be induced by altemate strategies to suppress certain pest and pathogens. Hence experiments were carried out in two stages during kharif 2010 and 2011 to assess the concentration of silicon in the index leaves of rice plant utilizing 133 varieties in four locations. The silica content of promising varieties ranged from 1.50% to 3.20%, 1.60% to 3.15%, 1.49% to 3.20% and 1.55% to 3.06% with a mean values of 2.50%, 2.48%, 2.51% and 2.43% at Jagtial, Warangal, Rajendranagar and Rudrur centres of Telangana region and not much variation in mean silica content in index leaves at different places. The overall yield from four locations ranged from 2,653 kg/ha to 6,860 kg/ha with a mean of 5,624 kg/ha. The yields recorded at Jagtial, Warangal, Rajendranagar and Rudrur centres ranged from 2,886 to 7,198, 2,653 to 6,831, 2,653 to 6,860 and 4,399 to 5,950 kg/ha, respectively. The lowest mean yield 5,069 kg/ha was noticed at Rudrur and the highest yield 5,940 kg/ha was found at Warangal. The variations in yields might be due to genotypic variations and also due to variations in climatic conditions of different locations.

Multiple Cropping Intensity in China Derived from Agro-meteorological Observations and MODIS Data

Double-and triple-cropping in a year have played a very important role in meeting the rising need for food in China.However,the intensified agricultural practices have significantly altered biogeochemical cycles and soil quality.Understanding and mapping cropping intensity in China′s agricultural systems are therefore necessary to better estimate carbon,nitrogen and water fluxes within agro-ecosystems on the national scale.In this study,we investigated the spatial pattern of crop calendar and multiple cropping rotations in China using phenological records from 394 agro-meteorological stations(AMSs)across China.The results from the analysis of in situ field observations were used to develop a new algorithm that identifies the spatial distribution of multiple cropping in China from moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer(MODIS)time series data with a 500 m spatial resolution and an 8-day temporal resolution.According to the MODIS-derived multiple cropping distribution in 2002,the proportion of cropland cultivated with multiple crops reached 34%in China.Double-cropping accounted for approximately 94.6%and triple-cropping for 5.4%.The results demonstrat that MODIS EVI(Enhanced Vegetation Index)time series data have the capability and potential to delineate the dynamics of double-and triple-cropping practices.The resultant multiple cropping map could be used to evaluate the impacts of agricultural intensification on biogeochemical cycles.

Optimization of process parameters to maximize ultimate tensile strength of friction stir welded dissimilar aluminum alloys using response surface methodology

Aluminium alloys generally present low weldability by traditional fusion welding process. Development of the friction stir welding （FSW） has provided an alternative improved way of producing aluminium joints in a faster and reliable manner. The quality of a weld joint is stalwartly influenced by process parameter used during welding. An approach to develop a mathematical model was studied for predicting and optimizing the process parameters of dissimilar aluminum alloy （AA6351 T6-AA5083 Hlll）joints by incorporating the FSW process parameters such as tool pin profile, tool rotational speed welding speed and axial force. The effects of the FSW process parameters on the ultimate tensile strength （UTS） of friction welded dissimilar joints were discussed. Optimization was carried out to maximize the UTS using response surface methodology （RSM） and the identified optimum FSW welding parameters were reported.

Effects of welding parameters and tool geometry on properties of 3003-H18 aluminum alloy to mild steel friction stir weld

Defect-free butt joints of 3003 Al alloy to mild steel plates with 3 mm thickness were performed using friction stir welding （FSW）. A heat input model reported for similar FSW was simplified and used to investigate the effects of welding speed, rotation speed and tool shoulder diameter on the microstructure and properties of dissimilar welds. The comparison between microstructure, intermetallics and strength of welds shows the good conformity between the results and the calculated heat input factor （HIF） achieved from the model. The joint strength is controlled by Al/Fe interface at HIF of 0.2-0.4, by TMAZ at HIF of 0.4-0.8 and by intermetallics and/or defects at HIF0.8.

Development of a novel nano-biosorbent for the removal of fluoride from water

The study was designed to investigate the use of two sorbents namely(i) Fe3O4 nanoparticles immobilized in sodium alginate matrix(FNPSA) and(ii) Fe3O4 nanoparticles and saponified orange peel residue immobilized in sodium alginate matrix(FNPSOPR) as sorbents for fluoride removal from contaminated water. The synthesized nanoparticles were analyzed and characterized by dynamic light scattering, X-ray diffraction, vibrating sample magnetometry, and scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and Fourier transform-infrared spectrometry. The sorbent matrices were prepared in the form of beads and surface functionalized to enable enhanced sorption of fluoride ions. Batch sorption studies were carried out and the sorption isotherm and reaction kinetics were analyzed. Both the sorbents followed Langmuir model of isotherm and fitted well with Pseudo first order reaction. The maximum sorption capacity exhibited by FNPSA and FNPSOPR was58.24 mg·g-1and 80.33 mg·g-1respectively. Five sorption–desorption cycles exhibited 100%, 97.56%, 94.53%,83.21%, and 76.53% of regeneration of FNPSOPR. Accordingly, it is demonstrated that FNSOPR could be used as a promising sorbent for easy and efficient removal of fluoride from contaminated water with good reusability.The current work suggests a simple and effective method to remove fluoride from contaminated water.

Changes and Effecting Factors of Grain Production in China

Based on the data from the Cost-benefit Data of Farm Produce and the China Agricultural Yearbook, this paper aims to examine the spatial and temporal change characteristics of total grain production and its affecting factors. The results show that： 1） During 1980 to 2007, total grain production increased from 3.20 ~ 108 t to 5.02 x 108 t in China, with annual increasing rate of 1.68%. From the regional disparities, most of the regions present increasing trend of total grain production except for several regions with higher level of economic development; 2） Grain sown area decreased from 1.17 × 108 ha in 1980 to 1.06 x 108 ha in 2007, which has negative effect on total grain production; 3） The increase of grain yield per unit area caused by land use intensity changes contributed to the increase of total grain yield greatly. However, as the land use intensity showed that farmers pay more attention to labor-saving input but not yield-increasing input, the less enthusiasm of farmers in grain production may become an important constraint on fu- ture grain production increase in China; 4） Based on the results, this paper proposed different land management poli- cies in different regions, for example, the government should protect cultivated land, promote large scale production. As to the less developed regions, the government should pay more attention to agricultural subsidies to promote farm- ers＇ enthusiasm in grain production.