佛教戏曲《归元镜》版本源流考

僧智达所撰佛教戏曲《归元镜》自清初至今流传甚广,为考察中国戏剧与佛教的多元互动关系提供了重要个案。《归元镜》版本非常丰富,学界对其研究尚不够充分。本文通过实地访书,发现了数种以往未见著录的《归元镜》版本,梳理了清刊本的两种系统;考证杭州昭庆寺本为晚清刊印本,反映了当时浙江各地佛寺合作刊刻经籍的现象;并考订出乾隆四十九年北京龙王庙本有宫廷大戏化的改编痕迹。以版本考辨为基础,本文探讨了《归元镜》宗教性与世俗性兼具的双重文体特质。

游艺与修行:净土剧《归元镜》的刊印、阅读与搬演

中国古代戏曲与宗教关系密切,学界研究主要集中于宗教思想、故事与仪式对戏剧叙事及搬演的影响等层面,而对二者之间的张力关注不足。僧智达所作的净土剧《归元镜》从清初至民国的接受史,体现了佛教修行与戏剧游艺之间既交融又抵牾的辩证关系:一方面,僧人剧作家及佛门读者群将创作、出版与阅读《归元镜》视为宗教实践,抹消其戏曲文体性质,强调其类经书的神圣属性,体现出佛教轨范与传奇形式之间的紧张感;另一方面,在清代宫廷剧场及民国商业舞台中,不同的戏剧传统却不断对其进行演出导向的改编,宣教的动机常需让位于娱乐的逻辑。《归元镜》在案头与场上的双重传播路径,为探讨宗教与文学艺术之间的多元互动提供了不可多得的生动案例。

Correlations between endoscopic and clinical disease activity indices in intestinal Behcet's disease

AIM:To develop a novel endoscopic severity model of intestinal Behcet's disease(BD) and to evaluate its feasibility by comparing it with the actual disease activity index for intestinal Behcet's disease(DAIBD).METHODS:We reviewed the medical records of 167 intestinal BD patients between March 1986 and April 2011.We also investigated the endoscopic parameters including ulcer locations,distribution,number,depth,shape,size and margin to identify independent factors associated with DAIBD.An endoscopic severity model was developed using significant colonoscopic variables identified by multivariate regression analysis and its correlation with the DAIBD was evaluated.To determine factors related to the discrepancy between endoscopic severity and clinical activity,clinical characteristics and laboratory markers of the patients were analyzed.RESULTS:A multivariate regression analysis revealed that the number of intestinal ulcers(≥ 2,P = 0.031) and volcanoshaped ulcers(P = 0.001) were predictive factors for the DAIBD.An endoscopic severity model(Y) was developed based on selected endoscopic variables as follows:Y = 47.44 + 9.04 × non-Ileocecal area + 11.85 ×≥ 2 of intestinal ulcers + 5.03 × shallow ulcers + 12.76 × deep ulcers + 4.47 × geographicshaped ulcers + 26.93 × volcano-shaped ulcers + 8.65 ×≥ 20 mm of intestinal ulcers.However,endoscopic parameters used in the multivariate analysis explained only 18.9% of the DAIBD variance.Patients with severe DAIBD scores but with moderately predicted disease activity by the endoscopic severity model had more symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome(21.4% vs 4.9%,P = 0.026) and a lower rate of corticosteroid use(50.0% vs 75.6%,P = 0.016) than those with severe DAIBD scores and accurately predicted disease by the model.CONCLUSION:Our study showed that the number of intestinal ulcers and volcano-shaped ulcers were predictive factors for severe DAIBD scores.However,the correlation between endoscopic severity and DAIBD(r = 0.434) was weak.

“萧郎镜”与“风月宝鉴”——兼论明末清初戏曲中的镜鉴刻绘对《红楼梦》之影响

曹雪芹在小说创作中对镜鉴的重视,及对"风月宝鉴"的着意刻绘,与明末清初众多戏曲作品以镜鉴为主要意象的创作风尚之间有一致性。《红楼梦》小说与吴伟业《秣陵春》、朱佐朝《石麟镜》、智达僧人《归元镜》等传奇的相关内容,皆有一定的关联性。故此,曹雪芹小说中的镜鉴意象构建,曾经汲取明清戏曲文化的养分,且又在长篇叙事文学的创作中进一步提升了其文化内涵与哲学意蕴。此外,《红楼梦》小说的"前书"之一《风月宝鉴》,在命名上受到明清戏曲"以镜为名"文化风习的影响,叙事文学的不同文体之间的关联也由此可见。