电子数据鉴真规则的构建——以形式关联性为中心

鉴真作为证据能力审查的前置程序,契合了电子数据在刑事诉讼中证据程序性认定的需求,满足了形式关联性的考察目的,发挥着证据门槛的重要作用。然而在国内实践中,对鉴真概念的认识不够准确,导致了鉴真的证明责任性质不清、证明标准异化、鉴真方法发挥作用有限,存在较大提升空间。为了保障电子数据在刑事诉讼中的证据适用,应确立以形式关联性为中心的鉴真规则,打造以证据控制和提取者为基础的证明责任分配规则,形成以刑事诉讼视野下的高度盖然性为证明标准,巧用外部鉴真和自我鉴真融合的证明方法,是较为妥当的系统性处理方案。

The Rational Man Model in Social and Political Studies： A Plea for Relevance

This paper examines the assumptions of the Rational Man （RM） model familiar in social and political studies. It is observed that the model is too restrictive in its explaining events and behavior in social and political situations. It is suggested that the assumptions of RM model should be relaxed using the familiar methods and techniques of elementary formal logic. The concept of relevance is then introduced to take account of a ＂weaker＂ formal requirement in an attempt to explain events and processes in human action and/or behavior. The concept of ＂justification by reasons＂ is then introduced as a necessary though not sufficient requirement of explaining events and processes in social and political studies