从形式的视角谈社会学的科学性——基于涂尔干与韦伯的比较

社会学中的实证主义认识论和理解主义认识论不是一般所认为的水火不容般的紧张对立,实证主义社会学认为这种认识形式是唯一的,而在唯一的认识形式下所有的经验研究都是可以比较的,可以验证的,所以社会学具有自然科学一样的科学性;但是理解社会学则认为没有绝对不变的唯一的认识形式,不同的认识形式只是局部暂时的有效,所以它们都具有科学性,但是科学性对于二者的含义是不同的。

Informal Logic： Between Logic and Epistemology

Nowadays researchers working in various fields study the issues of argument. They represent different approaches which distinguish with theoretical and practical comprehension of argument problems. Informal study of argument is one of the approaches. The key reason of its appearance was the criticism of formal logic in the late 20th century. Researchers consider the argument from the different point of view. Formal dialectics and pragma-dialectics were based on dialectics. Contemporary rhetorical theories of argument were created on the rhetorical grounds; theory of speech acts on the basis of practical philosophy etc.. This paper is devoted to some theoretical problems of informal logic which was formed on the logic background in the late 70＇s. In spite of numerous papers, books, and text-books on informal logic published over the last thirty years, logicians has not achieved consensus so far on many issues. Among the numerous problems are： what is the subject matter of informal logic？ Does informal logic belong to the realm of logic？ Is it applied epistemology？ What is a real argument？ And what are the criteria for evaluating of such arguments？

Wittgenstein and Kuhn on Paradigm

Wittgenstein in Philosophical Investigations and On Certainty develops a revolutionary conception of knowledge, of philosophy of language, and of philosophy of science. Very close to language-games is a concept that is important but did not attract much attention, the one of paradigm. In this paper this concept is analyzed together with notions such as context, use, reference, language-games, reality, science, truth, method, propositions, among others by means of which a new view of epistemology emerges. As for Kuhn, paradigm is his most known notion and his biggest contribution to innovate the history of science. I contrast these two conceptions and conclude that they have different uses, and that some difficulties that emerge from Kuhn＇s concept of paradigm would be dissolved if we take into consideration Witt^enstein＇s aooroaches of language and the uses it has in our life forms.

The Colourlessness of the Zener Diode

This short paper is about art and science and the human struggle to figure out the world we live in. It is also about the imagination and human progress, rationality and subjectivity, as well as the development of devices to ascertain out accurate knowledge--and yet the imagination and forms of thought are themselves devices that are integral to mechanical inventions. At the core of the subject under discussion, the aesthetic can be found reasons for the existence of other phenomena, the rational and the sensitive, epistemology and phenomenology, fulfilling human pleasure and necessity, and moving forward a humanized cosmos. Somewhere seems to rise and grow afresh a precise image of what we actually are and it can be revealed simply by being in the world and experiencing it on the basis of the mind-body-worM or by extending human senses through technology.

信念修正的逻辑

人是如何修正他们的信念的?这是一个非常重要的认识论问题。信念修正理论领域经过三十多年的蓬勃发展,对这个问题作出了许多极富创见的回答。本文首先介绍了此领域的研究对象、问题意识和研究范式,揭示出信念修正理论研究热点变迁的演化模式;其次系统评述了学界对此认识论问题的各种回答;最后揭示出信念修正理论与悖论研究、动态认知逻辑和人工智能等诸多学科领域进行交叉研究的重大理论意义和应用价值。