软法:形式软法与实质软法

近年来,随着国际治理、区域治理的发展以及国家管制模式由"统治向治理"模式的演变,软法也相应地受到了学者们的重视。通过区分形式软法与实质软法,对于软法的定义、软法的结构和形式软法的核心要素、定义、排除项、特征、功能、原则、制定主体、制定程序、效力、救济以及实质软法的核心要素、定义、补救等得以进一步明确。

软法治理的迷失与归位——对政府规制中软法治理理论和实践的思考

经济发展和民生需求呼唤政府规制的转型,转型的重要内容之一就是在政府规制中推行软法治理。软法治理逐渐获得社会各方利益主体的认可,因为其适应了政府规制现状和公众参与的诉求以及对社会整体利益的尊重。软法治理的兴起值得弘扬,但前提在于对"软法"有着正确的认识,要从对形式软法的渴望转变为对实质软法的追求。因此从商谈立法理论的视角进行分析,有助于我们认清软法及软法治理的内涵。通过对我国行政司法实践的检索,我们发现被我国学界认同为"软法"的一些政府规制政策,实际上背离了软法的精神。而正确认识软法治理价值的前提在于对软法实质意义的尊重,即软法应该是以公共利益和社会整体福利为中心,在公众参与和协商民主基础上形成的政府规制的权力渊源。

Sheet Metal Forming Simulation and Its Application in Stamping Process of Automobile Panels

The paper starts with a brief overview to the necessity of sheet metal forming simulation and the complexity of automobile panel forming, then leads to finite element analysis (FEA) which is a powerful simulation tool for analyzing complex three-dimensional sheet metal forming problems. The theory and features of the dynamic explicit finite element methods are introduced and the available various commercial finite element method codes used for sheet metal forming simulation in the world are discussed,and the civil and international status quo of automobile panel simulation as well. The front door outer panel of one certain new automobile is regarded as one example that the dynamic explicit FEM code Dynaform is used for the simulation of the front door outer panel forming process. Process defects such as ruptures are predicted. The improving methods can be given according to the simulation results. Foreground of sheet metal forming simulation is outlined.