形态化过程中相关术语的界定

形态化过程中所涉及的前缀与后缀、词头与词尾、类前缀与类后缀以及前附词与后附词四对术语界限模糊,指称意义常发生混淆和重叠的现象。本文基于汉语的实际情况,将形态化所涉及的概念意义进行梳理和分类,并重新界定相关术语,使其既体现汉语的具体特征又与世界普通语言学的术语使用规范相统一。

Sulfur speciation transformation during bioleaching of pyrite-containing sphalerite concentrate by thermophile Sulfolobus metallicus at 65 °C

Sulfur speciation transformation during bioleaching of pyrite-containing sphalerite concentrate by thermophile Sulfolobus metallicus （S. metallicus） at 65 ℃ was investigated by X-ray diffraction （XRD）, diffuse reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy （FT-IR） and sulfur K-edge X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy （XANES）. The results show that the presence of S. metallicus effectively enhances the dissolution of the mineral. The yield of zinc increases from 0.5 g/L in sterile control to 2.7 g/L in bioleaching. The pyrite in the concentrate facilitates zinc dissolution in the early stage, but has hindrance role in the late stage for the formation of jarosite. Sulfur speciation analyses show that jarosite and elemental sulfur are main products in bioleaching process, and the accumulation ofjarosite is mainly responsible for the decline of leaching efficiency.

Morphological variation and distribution of free neuromasts during half-smooth tongue sole Cynoglossus semilaevis ontogeny

This study was conducted to clarify the distribution and morphology of free neuromasts during the development of half-smooth tongue sole （Cynoglossus semilaevis） using scanning electron microscopy. During development, （1） the apical surface of free neuromasts changed in shape from a circle to a four-poiut star; （2） the external structure changed from being level with the epidermis to papilla-like above the level of the epidermis; （3） the neuromast cupula changed from cylindrical to blade-shaped; （4） the free neuromasts went from occurring singly to being in clusters of a few single organs; （5） the arrangement changed from a linear array to no discernable pattern; （6） there was a significant increase in the number of free neuromasts after metamorphosis. In adult C. semilaevis, free neuromasts were only observed on the abocular side of the head. Thus, there were more free neuromasts located on the abocular side of the head with a higher concentration around the anterior nostril and mouth, which may have a mechanical sensory function to help locate food as an adaptation to a benthic mode of life.

Empresses and Buddhism in Japan in VI-VIII cc

The basic problem of given paper is a role of women-empresses in the process of spreading Buddhism in Japan during VI-VIII cc. There are many evidences that during the process of spreading Buddhism in the Far East and South-East Asia, the principles of Buddhist doctrine became a part of the state ideology in many cases due to the patronage of the powerful laywomen. In Japan, thanks to the activity of empresses Suiko （597-628）, Jito （645-703） and Koken （718-770）. Buddhism could integrate into the system of traditional religion Shinto, developing further into Shinto-Buddhist syncretism. During the reign of Suiko about a hundred of the Buddhists, temples have been constructed through all the country and a system of religious bureaucracy ＂Sogo＂ was founded. Empress Jito took part in religious reforms during the second half of VII century and sent Buddhist missionaries to the local aborigines haya to and emishi. Empress Koken after the death of her father-emperor Shomu continued his policy to constructing the state ideology on the basis of Buddhism and was the first ruler in the history of early-medieval Japan, who permitted Buddhists to take part in the Shinto ceremonies. Therefore, the study of the role of empresses in spreading of Buddhism in Japan is important for understanding the history of religious and cultural traditions in Japan.

Recognition on the forming-vanishing process and underlying mechanisms of the hypoxia off the Yangtze River estuary

On the basis of compiled multidisciplinary historical data in 2006-2007 and incorporation of relevant simulation results and re- mote sensing data, we performed an in-depth study of the generation and dissipation process of the hypoxic zone and its distribu- tion morphology and structure off the Yangtze River estuary, Based on the hydrological circulation dynamics, reproduction of phytoplankton （leading to the decomposition of organic matter）, and other factors, we comprehensively and systematically inves- tigated the generation and dissipation of the hypoxic zone and underlying mechanisms for the seasonal variation in its position, explored the multi-factorial synergistic reactions during the generation and dissipation process of the hypoxic zone, and revealed the controlled mechanism for the morphology and structure of the hypoxic zone＇s distribution. Our studies indicate that in the winter and spring seasons, the hydrological environment off the Yangtze River estuary provides a water body with relatively low contents of dissolved oxygen （DO）, which is the background for the formation of a hypoxic zone. After entering into the summer season, the hypoxic zone gradually develops towards the north and becomes mature. Because of the impact of the terrain, local decomposition of organic matter, and upwelling of the Kuroshio subsurface water in July-August, the bypoxic zone off the Yang- tze River estuary exhibits the characteristics of discontinuous distribution in space and has a south and north ＂dual-core＂ structure in the inner continental shelf. In addition, there is a hypoxic core in the eastern outer continental shelf. The degrees of hypoxia vary for different areas; they are strongest overall in the north, next strongest in the south; they are weakest on the outer continen- tal shelf. In summer, the hypoxic zone in the north is related to the northward differentiation of the southern hypoxic zone and re- sults from local development and intensification. In August, the hypoxic zone in the north reaches its peak, and after September, it rapidly retreats southward and disappears because of weakening stratification. In the fall, there is hypoxic zone along the coast of Zhejiang in the south, and there is also a low-DO area to the southwest of Jeju Island, with both zones disappearing rapidly. In addition, the change of dynamic environment also causes the low-DO area of the outer continental shelf to move outward in the fall. The variation in the intensity of the stratification and its cumulative effects as a barrier of vertical DO transportation over long pe- riods of time have a significant impact on the degree of hypoxia in the hypoxic zone. In addition, the seasonal variations in the size of the stratified region, intensity of each current system/water mass, upwelling, front, and high-value area of phytoplankton biomass jointly restrict the extension of the hypoxic zone in the inner continental shelf and latitudinal （south-north direction） movement of its location off the Yangtze River estuary. The combined effect of dynamic factors, such as that of the Kuroshio subsurface water, causes a low-DO core in the outer continental shelI： The bottom cold water to the north of the East China Sea is the dynamic basis for the formation of the low-DO area to the southwest of Jeju Island during the fall season. The special seabed to- pography and mud area distribution off the Yangtze River estuary have a certain degree of influence on the development of the hypoxic zone. The generation and dissipation of the hypoxic zone and its distribution morphology off the Yangtze River estuary, and seasonal variation of its structure and position are a result of the synergistic effects of various factors.

A generalized model of island biogeography

MacArthur and Wilson's equilibrium theory is one of the most influential theories in ecology.Although evolution on islands is to be important to island biodiversity,speciation has not been well integrated into island biogeography models.By incorporating speciation and factors influencing it into the MacArthur-Wilson model,we propose a generalized model unifying ecological and evolutionary processes and island features.Intra-island speciation may play an important role in both island species richness and endemism,and the contribution of speciation to local species diversity may eventually be greater than that of immigration under certain conditions.Those conditions are related to the per species speciation rate,per species extinction rate,and island features,and they are independent of immigration rate.The model predicts that large islands will have a high,though not the highest,proportional endemism when other parameters are fixed.Based on the generalized model,changes in species richness and endemism on an oceanic island over time were predicted to be similar to empirical observations.Our model provides an ideal starting point for re-evaluating the role of speciation and re-analyzing available data on island species diversity,especially those biased by the MacArthur-Wilson model.