托马斯的存在形而上学革命及其现时代意义

在欧洲哲学存在形而上学的历史进程中,巴门尼德卓越地提出存在存在的斯芬克斯之谜:何以存在存在而非存在不存在。柏拉图把存在理解为自身同一性,亚里士多德把存在理解为实体,阿维森那把存在理解为偶性。托马斯的存在形而上学把存在理解为作为纯粹存在的存在行动。作为中世纪经院哲学启示原理的形而上学阐述,托马斯的形而上学存在论在欧洲哲学史中实现着存在形而上学的革命。

试论形而上学与数学的关系——以笛卡尔为例

形而上学与数学有怎样的联系?这是西方哲学研究中的一个重要的问题。从西方哲学家泰勒斯、毕达哥拉斯、柏拉图、亚里士多德的哲学中可见出数学对其形而上学的影响。笛卡尔采用数学的方法,建立了他的知识论形而上学。数学与笛卡尔的知识论形而上学相互影响、互为根据。

论笛卡尔的形而上学观

笛卡尔以前的形而上学(包括神学)是存在论的形而上学,即为自然现象、社会现象寻找超自然、超社会的最终根据、本原的理论。笛卡尔实现了形而上学的转向:从存在论转向了知识论,他为意识现象、认识现象寻找到了最终根据或本原:我思。本文系统论述了笛卡尔的形而上学观点。首先,论述了存在论形而上学的含义及其演变;其次,论述了笛卡尔的形而上学观点;再次,论述了笛卡尔的形而上学的内容。

The Historical Forms of Materialism and the Philosophical Domain of Historical Materialism

Natural materialism, humanistic materialism and historical materialism are the three historical forms of materialism. The ＂material＂ in historical materialism is a social thing which is ＂perceptible and imperceptible by the senses＂ and connotes social relations; and the ＂history＂ in historical materialism is the realm in which contradictions between man and nature and between man and society are able to unfold, so historical materialism is ＂actually a critical view of the world＂ that inherently contains dialectics in a ＂rational form.＂ The formulation of historical materialism opened a new path for the development of materialism and even philosophy as a whole. In the course of its critique of capitalist society, which unfolds with capital as a core category, historical materialism sublates abstract existence and discovers real social existence, thus putting an end to metaphysics, which is grounded in abstract ontology.