Particular Ways of Planting in Cemeteries of Siauliai City （Lithuania）

The issue of cemetery planting is not yet sufficiently studied in Lithuania. Cemetery is one of the sites where people could give way to their subjective comprehension of beauty. Analysis of the cemetery planting revealed certain noticeable features that could be ascribed to the forms of folk art. These are various objects with implied specific content or ornamented compositions. The aim of the research was to ascertain and distinguish graves characterised by specific planting features associated with plants, their layouts on graves. Analysis of the research results shows that two options form the peculiarities of grave planting： depiction of specific objects and ornamentation.We think that majority of the ornaments are made with the single purpose of decoration, and do not associate with symbolic meanings. During this research the graves decorated with planted symbolic objects and ornaments were distinguished. This phenomenon becomes more and more popular in cemeteries of Siauliai city in Lithuania.

Spatial Representations in Charles Dickens＇s New York and London

The purpose of this research is to see the image of New York and London in Charles Dickens＇s writings. In American Notes （1987）, on the surface, the city shows Dickens＇s eye of observation, revealing the dark side of the city. However, his writing expresses more than what he sees. In this paper, the author sees New York and London not only as realistic accounts of what things look like, but also a true realization of how Dickens feels about himself, and about the country in which he was situated in. In Oliver Twist （2003）, a New York prison can be linked to Dickens＇s London, representing the darkness of the city with the prison cell and its suggestiveness, including punishment, exclusion, and dehumanization. A New York Asylum reveals the dialectic of order and disorder, in a way which alienation brings out the crisis of humanity. This research shows that New York is an extension of London, in a way which the personal crisis is vividly revealed, as the reader can see in Charles Dickens. A Life （2012）. Through New York, Dickens is more conscious about his London childhood, as spatial representations of London have their own symbolic meanings

俄罗斯诗学关键词:象征的现实主义

本文致力于探寻20世纪下半叶理论和文学思想以及俄罗斯散文的艺术方法的更新,旨在研究一种新型的现实主义:象征的现实主义。它在俄罗斯散文中形成,但在文学理论和文学史中没有得到恰当的理解。作者的任务包括研究20世纪下半叶经典作家阿斯塔菲耶夫、拉斯普京、舒克申等人的象征的现实主义。事实证明,与白银时代的象征主义不同,象征的现实主义完全基于尘世现实并由与真实现实相关的形象—象征所主导。在这种思维体系中形成的形象—象征作为“艺术作品的极限单位,具有整体的结构特性”(В.В.维诺格拉多夫语)。本文专门论证了新型的现实主义中形象—象征的本质,并通过形象—象征范例考察了俄罗斯文学中象征的现实主义之起源和形成。