生产用设备/系统影响性评估管理研究

通过生产用设备对生产产品影响程度,制定相应管理文件进行评估设备/系统是否对产品质量有影响及影响程度,评估方法主要对设备影响性评估和部件关键性评估,最终确定项目的调试和确认范围的活动,保证生产产品的质量。

西安地铁侧坡出入段线上跨既有隧道施工影响分析

地铁近接施工安全影响是轨道交通建设所面临的重要问题,相关研究与分析对于现场施工及既有结构安全具有重要意义。以西安地铁6号线侧坡出入段线明挖上跨既有区间隧道为背景,通过对出入段线分块、分层开挖以及结构回填过程的数值模拟,得出明挖施工卸载再加载过程对下卧隧道的影响程度。计算表明,周边地层受明挖施工卸载再加载效应影响较为明显,总体变形表现为隆起抬升,最大隆起量出现在基坑底部,约为48.15 mm;下卧隧道受出入段线施工影响的最大隆起量为10.86 mm,结构差异变形量为0.008 9%,出现在右线隧道被上跨部分底部;隧道管片最大拉应力为2.13 MPa,最大压应力为4.92 MPa。隧道变形量满足结构安全要求,隧道结构应力远小于其设计强度,出入段线施工对下卧隧道影响较小。

新建深基坑工程施工及降水过程对既有地铁结构的影响

为解决城市建设发展、城市化进程中,地面工程和地下工程交叉建设对周围建筑物产生的影响问题,针对某深基坑工程对周围地铁结构的安全影响性评价为例,采用Midas有限元分析软件,模拟该基坑不同施工阶段对既有地铁线路及附属结构的变形及内力影响进行分析,提出在地铁保护区内深基坑工程施工的安全保护措施。研究结果表明:降水会对深基坑开挖作业给既有轨道产生的形变进行叠加,使形变量变大。在降水过程中需注意降水深度,以免超深抽排影响周围地层的变形。研究结果可为类似项目设计和施工提供可借鉴的分析方法。

转体斜拉桥施工对既有地铁结构的影响

为有效预防在人口密集的城市核心区域,城市市政建设对既有轨道交通结构和运营安全的影响,以四川省成都市某斜拉桥工程施工对周围地铁结构的安全影响性评价为例,通过现场调研、数值计算和理论分析,讨论斜拉桥建设过程中对邻近轨道交通的影响。研究结果表明:斜拉桥的施工过程中,地铁结构最大竖向变形为0.85 mm,为上浮变形,最大横向变形为-1.37 mm,并向13#墩侧发展,轨道沉降变形小于1.4 mm。典型部位混凝土板单元配筋率满足要求,裂缝宽度满足规范要求的规定。研究结果可为类似项目的施工方案提供一定参考。

地方立法前质量评价指标体系研究

立法前质量评估将立法质量的关口前移,是提高立法质量的一种有效措施。立法是国家行为,我国宜及时建立立法前评估制度。立法前评估必须与立法项目同步进行。地方立法前评估可以采取以量化评价为主,在定量分析基础上进行定性分析的"立法前质量评价指标体系"的评估方法,也可以采取着重于对立法影响因子进行研究分析的"影响性评估"方法。在地方立法前质量评价指标体系中,基本质量指标有四项:立法的必要性与可行性;立法的合法性;立法的影响性;效益和成本分析。鉴于"立法必要性和可行性",以及立法成本分析是该项法规当立不当立的前提与基础,建议可以选取为"一票否决"性指标。

Plant diversity and community structure of Brazilian Páramos

In Eastern South America, high altitude grasslands represent a mountain system that has a high number of endemic species. However, studies on the ecology of plant communities in these environments remain scarce. We aimed to evaluate the patterns of biodiversity and structure of plant communities from rocky outcrops in high altitude grasslands of three areas at the Caparaó National Park, southeastern Brazil, by sampling 300 randomly distributed plots. Then, we compared the floristic composition, relative abundance, and biological and vegetation spectra among areas. We classified species as endemic and non-endemic and verified the occurrence of endangered species. Species richness was evaluated by rarefaction analysis on the sampling units. The importance value and species abundance distribution(SAD) models were assessed. We also performed an indicator species analysis. We sampled 58 species belonging to 49 genera and 32 families. The number of species decreased with increasing altitude, with significant differences being observed among areas regarding richness, abundance, and cover. Of the total number of species, 10 are endemic to the Caparaó National Park and 17 are listed on the Brazilian Red List of endangered species. The dominant families on all peaks were Asteraceae and Poaceae. The SAD models showed lognormal and geometric distributions, corroborating the fact that 10 species that were common to all three areas were also the most dominant ones in the communities and showed the highest importance values, which ranged between 35% and 60%. Indicator species analysis revealed that 28 species(48.27%) were indicators. Of these, 42.85% had maximum specificity, meaning that they occurred only in one area. Thus, the number of species per life form ratio was similar among areas, yet vegetation spectra differed, especially for hemicryptophytes. The altimetric difference among the areas showed to be a very important driver in the community assembly, influencing the evaluated variables, however, other drivers as soil depth, slope and water could also influence the community structure on a smaller and local spatial scale.

Health Impact Assessment of Air Pollution in Some Regions in Albania

Air is the ocean we breathe. Air supplies us with oxygen which is essential for our bodies to live. 99.9% air is nitrogen, oxygen, water vapor and inert gases. Human activities can release substances into the air, some of which can cause problems for humans, plants and animals. There are several main types of pollution and well-known effects of pollution which are commonly discussed. These include smog, acid rain, the greenhouse effect, and ＂holes＂ in the ozone layer. Each of these problems has serious implications for our health and well-being as well as for the whole environment. The age and health condition are more important also at the response opposite the pollution of air. During the last decade in our country such as result of freely population movement, development and growth of their industrial activities, growth of vehicle number, collapse of roadway infrastructure etc., an increase of air quality pollution is evident. In this study, we exhibited the causers, such as increasing of number of the old cars, which is an important factor of the air pollution and, at the same time, we exhibited the pollution indicators of the air quality, such as PM I 0, total dust, dust levels outdoors and indoors, which are in the high levels. These factors indicated on human health. We have observed the health indicators, especially lung diseases such as bronchial asthma with higher percentage, chronic bronchitis and lung cancer. There was consistency in the finding that relates the acute increases in urban air pollution and the short-term health effects or patients suffering from chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases.

Evaluating the impact of spatio-temporal scale on CPUE standardization

This study focused on the quantitative evaluation of the impact of the spatio-temporal scale used in data collection and grouping on the standardization of CPUE(catch per unit effort).We used the Chinese squid-jigging fishery in the northwestern Pacific Ocean as an example to evaluate 24 scenarios at different spatio-temporal scales,with a combination of four levels of temporal scale(weekly,biweekly,monthly,and bimonthly)and six levels of spatial scale(longitude×latitude:0.5°×0.5°,0.5°×1°,0.5°×2°,1°×0.5°,1°×1°,and 1°×2°).We applied generalized additive models and generalized linear models to analyze the24 scenarios for CPUE standardization,and then the differences in the standardized CPUE among these scenarios were quantified.This study shows that combinations of different spatial and temporal scales could have different impacts on the standardization of CPUE.However,at a fine temporal scale(weekly)different spatial scales yielded similar results for standardized CPUE.The choice of spatio-temporal scale used in data collection and analysis may create added uncertainty in fisheries stock assessment and management.To identify a cost-effective spatio-temporal scale for data collection,we recommend a similar study be undertaken to facilitate the design of effective monitoring programs.

A Critical Analysis of Methodologies Evaluating Biodiversity in Offset Banking

The assessment of ecological impacts represents a key element of biodiversity offsetting success. After briefly introducing the main controversies arisen on biodiversity monetization and defining biodiversity banking schemes, discussions will be focused on evaluation methods mobilized in the context ofbiodiversity offset banking. Although there is currently no fixed framework assessing environment due resolutely to the specific nature of biodiversity, evaluation methods are analyzed through a review of the academic and empirical literature. This step allows to select few methods justifying these choices and presenting their pros and cons by keeping the aim to contribute to the debates. Thus, ecological assessments （service-to-service and resource-to-resource） and economic valuations （value-to-value and value-to-cost） carried out in biodiversity banking schemes will be distinguished. Finally, this paper will emphasize the inherent differences of the two evaluating forms and their specificities on the one hand, and highlight their opportunities and risks from methodological perspective on the other hand.

BENIMPACT Suite： A Tool for ZEB Performance Assessment

In the last years, there has been a big development of European policies and regulations on energy saving topics. This is due to the will to reach the targets of 20-20-20. Buildings consume a lot of energy, so the legal framework related to the reduction of energy consumption in this sector has had a huge evolution. The ＂NZEB （nearly zero energy building）＂ concept was introduced in 2010, eight years after the release of the original EPBD （energy performance of buildings directive）. By 2020, all new buildings and buildings that are subject to renovation should have very low energy consumption, covered for the major part by renewable sources. Designing and realizing this kind of building is a very ambitious task, which needs to be supported by appropriate tools and software. This paper presents a new tool for assessing building performance, named BENIMPACT Suite （building＇s environmental impact evaluator and optimizer）, which is developed by EnginSoft （Italy）. The suite is organized in different core modules that allow to verify how the building performance level is influenced by different design choices, such as envelope shape and materials, plant systems, renewable sources use, etc.. One of the test cases used to validate the BENIMPACT Suite energy performance is the evaluation of an interesting Italian ZEB, finished in 2010 and called CasaZeroEnergy. It is located in Felettano （Udine）, a small town in northeastern Italy. This building is an experimental house designed and monitored by the Laboratory of Building Design of the University of Trento （Italy） and built by Polo Le Ville Plus Group （Cassacco-ltaly）. The energy performance of this building was modelled and evaluated using BENIMPACT Suite, and simulation results were compared with monitored data.

Impact Assessment of Diesel Oil on the Zhe Oyster （Crassostrea plicatula） Using RAPD Analysis

The lethal and sublethal effects of oils on aquatic organisms have been widely investigated, but the potential molecular impacts of oils on aquatic organisms are remaining unclear now. In order to realize the effects of diesel oil on the Zhe oyster, the RAPD （random amplified polymorphic DNA） technique was used. RAPD is a useful assay procedure for the detection of genotoxin-induced DNA damage and mutations. In the present study, the Zhe oysters were exposed to diesel oil at different concentrations and for different exposure periods. The results showed that the DNA band change in RAPD profiles of oysters following diesel oil treatment included loss of normal DNA bands, the appearance of new DNA bands and variations in DNA intensity compared to oysters not exposed to diesel oil. The effects of changes to GTS （genome template stability） were time- and concentration-dependent, the GTS of 10 mg/L was 82.46%, 80.70% and 63.15% in the 8, 16 and 32 days, the GTS of 20 mg/L was 75.44%, 71.93% and 56.14% in the 8, 16 and 32 days, the GTS of 40 mg/L was 73.68%, 70.18% and 56.14% in the 8, 16 and 32 days, respectively. The DNA polymorphisms detected by RAPD analysis could be used as a useful biomarker assay for the detection of genotoxic effects in diesel oil pollution on the oysters, and may be useful for environmental contamination risk assessment.

Investigation of Key Parameters for 3-D Dredging Plume Model Validation

Dredging plume dispersion studies, use dredging plume models to predict the fate of sediment plumes resulting from dredging activities and dredge spoil disposal. The model results are applied as input to environmental impact assessment of the proposed dredging, particularly those associated with suspended sediments and sedimentation. Model validation and performance are still not resolved because of the difficulty of site measurements and the understanding of the parameters used in the model. This paper presents a 3-D dredging plume model based on the MIKE3 software package to investigate parameters which affect the model performances. As a result of lack of site data for the public domain uses, the model scenarios are designed artificially for sensitive runs to identify the key parameters affecting plume behaviours. The factors include dredging spill rates using different dredging methods, equipment and sediment settling velocities. The influence of wave and wind effects combined with tidal forces on the sediment re-suspended rates and the advection/dispersion scales are also assessed.

Conceptual Framework for Calculation of Climate Performance with Pre-verified LCA-Tools

This article proposes the use of current European standards and verification rules for EPDs （environmental product declarations） as a basis for evaluating the climate impact of contractors＇ alternative designs of infrastructural projects. The proposed conceptual framework for verified climate calculations is based on the Swedish-based, the International EPD System. Several Swedish and Norwegian stakeholders were engaged in this joint project to understand driving forces and obstacles and provide key insights for the successful implementation of the framework for a transparent and comparable assessment of climate impact from alternative design options. In order to perform a sharp test of some main hypothesizes, the project participants tested the proposed framework in bridge and roads projects.

算法透明的多重维度和算法问责

随着算法在社会经济中的广泛应用,算法如何向公众负责成为一个重要的法律议题。在算法引发的偏见、歧视和支配的讨论中,平等保护、正当程序和反不正当竞争机制将发挥重要的作用。作为算法规制的一般化原则,算法透明是实现算法问责的重要机制。我国《个人信息保护法(草案)》明确了算法自动化决策的透明度要求。就具体规制手段而言,算法透明包含着从告知义务、向主管部门报备参数、向社会公开参数、存档数据和公开源代码等不同形式,算法解释权也可以看成是算法透明原则的具体化体现。算法透明的目标在于化解人类对算法决策可能失控的风险的忧虑。算法监管需要将事前监管和事后监管结合起来,在事前监管中建立算法透明原则,监管强度需结合场景和目标,对现有算法引发的消费者保护、中小商户利益、公众知情权等问题进行有针对性的回应,基于比例原则,选择适当的透明化义务,通过多重维度的算法透明机制的构建实现算法问责。

The Impact of Portfolio-based Writing Assessment on EFL Writing Development of Chinese Learners

本研究探索基于文件夹的写作形成性评估(portfolio-based writing assessment,PBWA)对中国学生EFL写作能力发展的影响。本文报告了受试为英语专业学生的一项对比研究的结果。受试分为实验组(PBWA experimental class)和控制组(non-PBWA class)。两组的其它条件相同,实验组进行PBWA。一个学期之后的写作测试结果表明,实验组的写作能力在准确性和连贯表达等方面优于控制组,但在复杂度和流利度方面两组没有显著差别。文章还指出了本研究的局限和未来研究的方向。

Efficacy of insect-resistance Bt/Cp TI transgenes in F5–F7generations of rice crop–weed hybrid progeny: implications for assessing ecological impact of transgene flow

Ecological impact of transgene flow into pop- ulations of wild/weedy relatives is associated with fitness effects in hybrid progeny. Most studies assessing fitness effects focus essentially on early-generation hybrid progeny. However, whether the transgenes remain effective and durable in advanced generations of hybrid progeny remains unclear. We conducted a common garden experi- ment with Fs-F7 hybrid progeny derived from crosses between insect-resistant transgenic （Bt/CpTI） rice and weedy rice, to examine their insect resistance and fitness effects of transgenes on progeny. Hybrid progeny were grown under different insect pressures and cultivation modes where insect damage and fitness-related traits were measured in the same growth season. Plants with transgenes showed significantly lower insect damage （10 % vs. 32 %） and higher fecundity （551 vs. 392 seeds/plant） than those without transgenes in the efficacy of transgenes Fs-F7 populations, suggesting for insect resistance. Fitness benefits of the transgenes were similar among the Fs-F7 populations, indicating the stability of transgenic effects. A positive correlation between insect index and fecundity change was detected, stressing the important role of ambient insect pressures in assessing fitness effects caused by insect-resistance transgenes. Our results have important implications for assessing ecological impacts caused by transgene flow to wild/weedy relatives. For cost-effec- tiveness, the experimental estimation of fitness effects is probably sufficient based on data from hybrids in early generations. Given that fitness effects of insect-resistance transgenes are associated with ambient insect pressure, ecological risk assessment on transgene flow should consider this variable in experimental design, reasonably reflecting actual situations in wild/weedy populations.

Meridional movement of northern and southern equatorial ionization anomaly crests in the East-Asian sector during 2002-2003SSW

The present paper investigates the asymmetrical variability of the location of the north and the south equatorial ionization anomaly(EIA) crests in the East-Asian sector,along with their association with simultaneous observations of equatorial electrojet(EEJ) strength,geomagnetic activity index,and solar flux index during the 2002-2003 sudden stratospheric wanning(SSW) event.Analysis of these observations indicates the existence of a large-scale quasi 16-day periodic meridional movement in both EIA crests,and also reveals a strong correlation between the quasi 16-day oscillation in geomagnetic latitudes of the EIA crest and EEJ strength.The latitude of the northern/southern EIA crest and the EEJ strength indicate that obvious synchronous periodic oscillations were in-phase in the northern and southern hemisphere when the SSW occurred.In addition,it is also found that both the EIA crest location and amplitude of the periodic movement of the EIA locations exhibit hemispheric asymmetry.The amplitude of the periodic movement of the EIA location in the southern hemisphere is larger than that of the northern hemisphere,and the southern EIA crest is further off from the equator than the north one.Understanding these asymmetries requires a combination of mechanisms that involve at least trans-equator meridional winds and the position of a sub-solar point;however,potential disturbances in neutral winds associated with the SSW may additionally complicate the equatorial ionospheric dynamics.