The goal of this study was to investigate the behaviour of rainbow trout(n=30),Oncorhynchus mykiss,in small raceways when either self-feeders(T2) or hand-feeding(t2) were used.The method of food delivery in T2 was def...The goal of this study was to investigate the behaviour of rainbow trout(n=30),Oncorhynchus mykiss,in small raceways when either self-feeders(T2) or hand-feeding(t2) were used.The method of food delivery in T2 was defensible while that of t2 was indefensible.Fish in both raceways were subjected to restricted feeding(RF) for 25 days.Food was available in the morning(09:00-10:00) in the downstream area and in the afternoon(16:00-17:00) in the upstream area of the raceways.The results showed that the behaviour of rainbow trout was significantly different under interference competition(T2) for food compared with that under scramble competition(t2).RF in T2 fish limited food availability to meal times when feeding rewards were available while t2 fish only responded to the location of food delivery.The aggressive fish in T2 were dominant,and t2 fish at high densities showed intense social interactions under the indefensible pattern of food distribution;these interactions did not dampen to a minimum level to suppress the development of dominance hierarchies.Further,the stocking density did not break down the dominance hierarchies between the T2 fish.This suggests that decreased efficiency in the search for food or inefficient foraging,induced by interference competition at high densities,affected the behaviour of rainbow trout.展开更多
Objective This stud）＇ aims to analyze interpersonal pattern gr-oup psychological counseling process for members＇ subjective apiration. Method Using Nvivo7.0 qualitative analysis software to do the transcripts c-odi...Objective This stud）＇ aims to analyze interpersonal pattern gr-oup psychological counseling process for members＇ subjective apiration. Method Using Nvivo7.0 qualitative analysis software to do the transcripts c-oding analysis of interpersonal pattern group psychological counseling pro-cess. Result Through the qualitative analysis,we fred that members＇ sub-jective apiration have two trends： One trend is with the group psycholo-gical counseling process for increasing;another kind is： increase--decrease--increase ,specificly showing that：：existing subjective apiration-- The subjective will weaken （because of denial and skepticism this group ）or strengthen （accepting this group）-- the subjective apiration increases, applying new pattern in groups--the subjective apiration become specification, the new pattern to repl-ace the old pattern in life. Conclusion 1. In interpersonal group counseling process, members＇ subjective apiration exists two kinds of trend that to weakened after reinforcement and enhancement gradually strengthen： 2. Members＇ subjective apiration of group psychological counseling can influence the effect of group psychological counseling.展开更多
English immersion in the mainland of China has started in Xi＇an since the late 1990s, and extended into other cities in the mainland of China. This study reported the findings of the students＇ interactive peer learn...English immersion in the mainland of China has started in Xi＇an since the late 1990s, and extended into other cities in the mainland of China. This study reported the findings of the students＇ interactive peer learning model in the immersion programs, such as peer prompting and waiting; non-verbal expressions; correcting errors and modulating speaking volume; translation; attending to the peer interlocutor＇ s needs; and reciprocating peer assistance.展开更多
文摘The goal of this study was to investigate the behaviour of rainbow trout(n=30),Oncorhynchus mykiss,in small raceways when either self-feeders(T2) or hand-feeding(t2) were used.The method of food delivery in T2 was defensible while that of t2 was indefensible.Fish in both raceways were subjected to restricted feeding(RF) for 25 days.Food was available in the morning(09:00-10:00) in the downstream area and in the afternoon(16:00-17:00) in the upstream area of the raceways.The results showed that the behaviour of rainbow trout was significantly different under interference competition(T2) for food compared with that under scramble competition(t2).RF in T2 fish limited food availability to meal times when feeding rewards were available while t2 fish only responded to the location of food delivery.The aggressive fish in T2 were dominant,and t2 fish at high densities showed intense social interactions under the indefensible pattern of food distribution;these interactions did not dampen to a minimum level to suppress the development of dominance hierarchies.Further,the stocking density did not break down the dominance hierarchies between the T2 fish.This suggests that decreased efficiency in the search for food or inefficient foraging,induced by interference competition at high densities,affected the behaviour of rainbow trout.
文摘Objective This stud）＇ aims to analyze interpersonal pattern gr-oup psychological counseling process for members＇ subjective apiration. Method Using Nvivo7.0 qualitative analysis software to do the transcripts c-oding analysis of interpersonal pattern group psychological counseling pro-cess. Result Through the qualitative analysis,we fred that members＇ sub-jective apiration have two trends： One trend is with the group psycholo-gical counseling process for increasing;another kind is： increase--decrease--increase ,specificly showing that：：existing subjective apiration-- The subjective will weaken （because of denial and skepticism this group ）or strengthen （accepting this group）-- the subjective apiration increases, applying new pattern in groups--the subjective apiration become specification, the new pattern to repl-ace the old pattern in life. Conclusion 1. In interpersonal group counseling process, members＇ subjective apiration exists two kinds of trend that to weakened after reinforcement and enhancement gradually strengthen： 2. Members＇ subjective apiration of group psychological counseling can influence the effect of group psychological counseling.
文摘English immersion in the mainland of China has started in Xi＇an since the late 1990s, and extended into other cities in the mainland of China. This study reported the findings of the students＇ interactive peer learning model in the immersion programs, such as peer prompting and waiting; non-verbal expressions; correcting errors and modulating speaking volume; translation; attending to the peer interlocutor＇ s needs; and reciprocating peer assistance.
