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The Impact of Firm Characteristics, Industry Types, and Financial Ratios on SMEs' Utilization of Tax Incentives
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作者 Nadiah Abd Hamid Rohaya Md Noor +1 位作者 Mustaffa Mohamed Zain Barjoyai Bardai 《Journal of Modern Accounting and Auditing》 2012年第6期749-763,共15页
This study aims to contribute to the growing literature on issues of tax incentives for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Through comprehensive exploration of data, the study investigates factors leading to... This study aims to contribute to the growing literature on issues of tax incentives for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). Through comprehensive exploration of data, the study investigates factors leading to successful and unsuccessful utilization of tax incentives among SMEs. Financial ratios were calculated based on the information retrieved from the companies' annual financial statement. Apparently, these financial ratios are evidence of how successful the companies are in utilizing the tax incentives. In this study, 129 small companies and 71 medium-sized companies were selected as samples for the period of 2003-2007. The result indicates that financial structure such as retained earnings, tax burden, cash flow, and inventory level determined the ability of companies to utilize tax incentives; hence leading to higher earnings generated from the business operation. The age of the companies affects the utilization of tax incentives and this denotes that older companies are more capable of generating higher earnings. Hence, a thorough analysis of the data allows us not only to determine the success of the company in utilizing tax incentives but also to identify the determinants that impact their performance. 展开更多
关键词 tax incentives small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) manufacturing sector economic goal
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典型一罪与数罪之间:想象竞合犯的量刑规范化 被引量:5
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作者 陈山 《中国刑事法杂志》 CSSCI 北大核心 2019年第6期77-93,共17页
典型一罪的量刑遵循"并合主义"确立了"责任刑"→"预防刑"的量刑程式,蕴含着"行为刑法"与"行为人刑法"的双重意义。典型数罪量刑方案的突出问题是将人身危险性量刑情节依照"行... 典型一罪的量刑遵循"并合主义"确立了"责任刑"→"预防刑"的量刑程式,蕴含着"行为刑法"与"行为人刑法"的双重意义。典型数罪量刑方案的突出问题是将人身危险性量刑情节依照"行为刑法"逻辑裁量"预防刑"。典型数罪的"预防刑"应当回归"行为人刑法",人身危险性量刑情节在数罪中会有不同表现,其影响"预防刑"的裁量需要确定一种"征表比率"。想象竞合犯是一行为造成数个"不法"侵害结果,在行为层面呈"一罪性",属于典型的"罪数不典型"。德国刑法上的"结合刑"具有合理性,不妨适当改造。想象竞合犯的刑罚裁量应当兼有典型一罪与典型数罪的特点,其"责任刑"应由相互竞合犯罪的"责任刑"结合而成;其"预防刑"也应依据人身危险性量刑情节的"征表比率"予以裁量。 展开更多
关键词 想象竞合犯 征表比率 结合刑 量刑规范化
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