典型黑土区坡耕地次产流径流曲线数计算方法

径流曲线数模型原理清晰简单、对参数和输入变量要求低,在地表径流预测中已得到广泛应用。为了提高该模型预报典型黑土区地表径流的精度,利用黑龙江省嫩江市鹤北小流域7个坡面径流小区共138场降雨-产流资料,通过量化次降雨过程中雨量在时间上集中分布程度,分析其对地表产流影响,提出次产流径流曲线数CNt的计算方法。CNt/CN与降雨过程中最大时段Xmin内的降雨量和次雨量比值(PX/P)之间呈极显著正相关;当10≤X≤40时,两者相关程度更高。(P10/P)是对本区CNt影响最显著的降雨过程特征因子。可通过建立(CNt/CN)与(P10/P)之间的函数关系计算CNt,并提出该方程在不同耕作方式下的参数取值。使用径流曲线数模型时,若采用本文提出的计算方法,将CNt作为模型参数计算地表径流量,可显著提高模型在本区的预报精度。

模拟降雨条件下烤烟植株对降雨再分配及产流的影响

【目的】明确烤烟植株对降雨再分配及产流的影响,为坡耕地土壤侵蚀的防治及可持续利用提供理论依据。【方法】采用室内人工模拟降雨法,测定了40,80和120 mm/h降雨强度下烤烟旺长期的茎秆流、穿透雨、径流和渗漏,并进一步探讨了茎秆流和穿透雨与产流的关系。【结果】茎秆流量、穿透雨量和穿透雨率与降雨强度呈极显著正相关关系,而茎秆流率则与降雨强度呈极显著负相关关系;不同降雨强度下茎秆流率和穿透雨率分别为24.66%~28.79%和71.21%~75.34%。当降雨强度为40 mm/h时,茎秆流几乎不参与径流形成,当降雨强度为80和120 mm/h时,茎秆流再分配后形成径流和渗漏的比例分别为16.90%~20.54%和79.46%~83.10%;穿透雨再分配后形成径流和渗漏的比例分别为40.14%~66.19%和33.81%~59.86%。径流中来源于茎秆流和穿透雨部分的比例分别为0.82%~10.07%和89.93%~99.18%,而在渗漏中来源于茎秆流和穿透雨部分的比例分别为42.19%~44.21%和55.79%~57.81%。【结论】降雨经烤烟植株再分配后,茎秆流主要形成了渗漏,对地表径流的贡献相对较小;而穿透雨主要形成了径流和渗漏,是两者的主要来源。

超渗地面径流计算方法的归纳

水文学实际上就是要解决降雨之后发生了什么的一门学科。自然条件下,由于流域所处的气候条件和下垫面条件并非单一,因此不同地方存在不同的产流特征。包气带结构的复杂性和降雨特性的多变性,很少见到一种包气带只有一种产流机制的情况。目前揭露出来的基本产流机制是超渗地面径流产流机制、地下水径流产流机制、壤中水径流产流机制和饱和地面径流产流机制等四种。文章针对超渗地面径流产流量的计算进行了归纳和总结。

Modelling the Effects of Land-use Change on Runoff and Sediment Yield in the Weicheng River Watershed, Southwest China

As a major sediment area in the upper Yangtze River, Jialing River basin experienced substantial land-use changes, many water conservancy projects were constructed from the 1980 s onward to promote water and soil conservation. The water and sediment yield at the watershed outlet was strongly affected by these water conservation works, including ponds and reservoirs, which should be considered in the modelling. In this study, based on the observed data of the Weicheng River catchment, the relationships between precipitation, runoff, vegetation, topography and sediment yield were analyzed, a distributed runoff and sediment yield model(WSTD-SED) was developed, and the hydrological processes of different land-use scenarios were simulated by using the model. The main results are summarized as follows: 1) there is an alternating characteristic in river channels and reservoirs in the Jialing River hilly area, with scour occurring in wet years and deposit occurring in dry years. 2) Most of the sediment deposited in river channels and reservoirs is carried off by the largest flood in the year. 3) The model yielded plausible results for runoff and sediment yield dynamics without the need of calibration, and the WSTD-SED model could be usedto obtain qualitative estimates on the effects of land use change scenarios. 4) The modelling results suggest that a 10% increase in cropland(dry land) reforestation results in a 0.7% decrease in runoff and 1.5% decrease in sediment yield.

Nutrient Losses in Soils on Loess Plateau

The soil nutrient losses due to excessive soil loss on Loess Plateau were studied by means of runoff plotsand systematical determination of soil nutrients both in sediments and runoff.The results show that theamounts of nutrient losses depended on the amounts of erosion sediments. Along with sediment, 11-197 kgnitrogen/hectare and 9-174 kg phosphorus/hectare were lost, accounting for 92.46-99.47 percent of the totalamount of nitrogen loss and 99.85-99.99 percent of the total amount of phosphorns loss respectively. Thenutrient losses, very small in runoff, were mainly attributed to erosion of a few rainstorms during a year. Thenutrient level in sediment was mostly higher than that in the original soil. Planting grass evidently reducedthe losses of soil nutrients. The N level was lower in runoff than in rainfall so that the N loss from runoffconld be made up by rainfall. Fertilizer application to crops raised the nutrient level in runoff.

Optimal selection of annulus radius ratio to enhance heat transfer with minimum entropy generation in developing laminar forced convection of water-Al2O3 nanofluid flow

Heat transfer and entropy generation of developing laminar forced convection flow of water-Al_2O_3 nanofluid in a concentric annulus with constant heat flux on the walls is investigated numerically. In order to determine entropy generation of fully developed flow, two approaches are employed and it is shown that only one of these methods can provide appropriate results for flow inside annuli. The effects of concentration of nanoparticles, Reynolds number and thermal boundaries on heat transfer enhancement and entropy generation of developing laminar flow inside annuli with different radius ratios and same cross sectional areas are studied. The results show that radius ratio is a very important decision parameter of an annular heat exchanger such that in each Re, there is an optimum radius ratio to maximize Nu and minimize entropy generation. Moreover, the effect of nanoparticles concentration on heat transfer enhancement and minimizing entropy generation is stronger at higher Reynolds.

Impact of Land-Use Practices on Sediment Yield in the Dhrabi Watershed of Pakistan

Soil erosion by water is one of the most important land degradation processes in the sloping rainfed lands in Pakistan. A study was conducted in the Dhrabi watershed of Pakistan to evaluate sediment yield associated with rainfall-runoff under various land-use practices. Five sub-catchments with sizes varying from 1.5 to 350 ha were selected for measurement of rainfall, runoff and sediment yield. Soil conservation techniques were also introduced to reduce the soil erosion. All runoff events occurred in the summer especially during monsoon season （July-September）. Sediment yield of two small gully catchments ranged from 4.79 to 8.34 t/ha/yr in 2009, a relatively dry year. In 2010, the annual sediment yield was 8.15 to 12.31 t/ha. Terraced catchment with arable crops produced annual 4.1 t/ha of sediment as compared to 12.31 t/ha by the adjacent gully catchment showing high potential of terraces in reducing erosion. Runoff coefficients calculated for these catchments vary from 0.09 to 0.75. The macro and micro nutrients present in the sediment indicate that these nutrients are being depleted due to soil erosion.

The characteristics of rill development and their effects on runoff and sediment yield under different slope gradients

Rill formation is the predominant erosion process in slope land in the Loess Plateau, China. This study was conducted to investigate rill erosion characteristics and their effects on runoff and sediment yielding processes under different slope gradients at a rate of 10°, 15°, 20° and 25° with rainfall intensity of 1.5 mm min-1 in a laboratory setting. Results revealed that mean rill depth and rill density has a positive interrelation to the slope gradient. To the contrary, width-depth ratio and distance of the longest rill to the top of the slope negatively related to slope gradient. All these suggested that increasing slope steepness could enhance rill headward erosion, vertical erosion and the fragmentation of the slope surface. Furthermore,total erosion tended to approach a stable maximum value with increasing slope, which implied that there is probably a threshold slope gradient where soil erosion begins to weaken. At the same time, the correlation analysis showed that there was a close connection between slope gradient and the variousindices of soil erosion: the correlation coefficients of slope gradient with maximal rill depth, number of rills and the distance of the longest rill from the top of the slope were 0.98, 0.97 and-0.98, respectively,indicating that slope gradient is the major factor of affecting the development of rills. Furthermore,runoff was not sensitive to slope gradient and rill formation in this study. Sediment concentration,however, is positively related to slope gradient and rill formation, the sediment concentrations increased rapidly after rill initiation, especially. These results may be essential for soil loss prediction.

An Operational Hydro-Meteorological Chain to Evaluate the Uncertainty in Runoff Forecasting over the Verbano Basin

The development and implementation of a real-time flood forecasting system with a hydro-meteorological operational alert procedure during the MAP-D-PHASE Project is described in this paper. This chain includes both probabilistic and deterministic forecasts. The hydrological model used to generate the runoff simulations is the rainfall-runoff distributed FEST-WB model, developed at Politecnico di Milano. The observed data to run the control simulations were supplied by ARPA-Piemonte. The analysis is focused on Maggiore Lake basin, an Alpine basin between North-West of Italy and Southern Switzerland. Two hindcasts during the D-PHASE period are discussed in order to evaluate certain effects regarding discharge forecasts due to hydro-meteorological sources of uncertainties. In particular, in the June convective event it is analysed how the effect of meteorological model spatial resolution can influence the discharge forecasts over mountain basins, while in the November stratiform event how the effect of the initial conditions of soil moisture can modify meteorological warnings. The study shows how the introduction of alert codes appears to be useful for decision makers to give them a spread of forecasted QDFs with the probability of event occurrence, but also how alert warnings issued on the basis of forecasted precipitation only are not always reliable.

Study on Influence of Soil Erosion for Different Covered Patterns in Karst Slope of Sugarcane Planting Regions

Sugarcane production is mainly slope cultivation, so soil erosion was serious. The results showed that the different coverage methods have a higher production rate of 39.26%-41.22%, than the control treatment （blank） without covering, so yield-increasing effect was significant. As annual rainfall is around 1,250 mm and the control treatment（blank） without covering, the whole year of fertilizer runoff was 175 mm, the average soil content of runoff water was 2.22 g/L, and the total amount of soil loss was 3585.0 kg/ha. The treatment with farmer fertilization practice ＋ plastic film mulching annual runoff water was 153 mm, the average soil content of runoff water was 2.30 g/L, and the total soil loss of volume was 3183.0 kg/ha. The treatment with optimize fertilization ＋ plastic film mulching annual runoff water was 141mm, the average soil content of runoff water was 2.42 g/L, and the total amount of soil loss was 2958.0 kg/ha. Sugarcane leaves covered treatment runoff did not occur throughout the year. The coverage of treatment compared with the control treatment, runoff water reduction is in the range of 12.6-16.0%, is 15.8-23.8% reduction in the amount of runoff soil. Treatment with no fertilization nutrient N loss was 5.760 kg/ha, and P205 loss was 2.565 kg/ha in runoff water. Farmer fertilization treatments the nutrient N loss was 12.435 kg/ha, and the loss P205 was mulching treatment nutrient N loss was 7.755 kg/ha, and P205 loss was 3.960 kg/ha in water runoff. Optimizing fertilization ＋ plastic 3.540 kg/ha in runoff water.