不同氮肥对不同种植方式稻田径流氮流失与氨挥发的影响

【目的】减少稻田氮径流流失和氨挥发。【方法】设置当地常规施肥(FFP)、缓控肥与尿素配施(CRF)、海藻多糖氮肥替代(HTN)及不施氮对照(CK)共4个氮肥管理措施,观察不同种植方式(机插稻、直播稻)下稻田径流水中氮的流失量及氨挥发特征。【结果】直播稻稻田径流氮素损失以铵态氮(NH4^(+)-N)为主,播种前排水导致的氮素径流流失占总氮径流损失量的52%左右;不同氮肥方案下径流氮总流失量呈现为FFP处理>HTN处理>CRF处理,机插稻、直播稻全生育期氨挥发损失量、损失率和氨挥发强度也有同样趋势;与FFP处理相比,CRF处理和HTN处理的机插稻全生育期氨挥发损失率分别降低了12.5%和4.3%,氨挥发强度分别降低了43.1%和17.8%,直播稻氨挥发损失率分别降低了23.2%和12.2%,氨挥发强度分别降低了53.3%和26.8%;与FFP相比,在CRF、HTN处理下机插稻分别增产9.31%和4.70%,直播稻分别增产9.25%和4.91%。【结论】在水稻全生育期内,直播稻的氨挥发通量、损失率和氨挥发强度均大于机插稻,在施肥总量控制和磷、钾肥施用相同的情况下,选择适当种类的氮肥进行基肥、分蘖肥合理配施,既能减少氮素田间损失、提高氮素利用率,还可以增加水稻产量。

缓释肥等氮替代尿素对坡耕地径流氮素流失和青贮玉米生长的影响

为比较单施尿素与尿素和缓释肥配施对云南坡耕地径流氮流失、土壤养分及青贮饲用玉米生长的影响作用。通过自然降雨下的径流槽试验,在等氮条件下按云南常规施肥量设置单施尿素(CK)、添加硝化抑制剂速溶诺泰克?21等氮替代40%的尿素+60%普通尿素(处理Ⅰ)和聚谷氨酸增效3代等氮替代40%的尿素+60%普通尿素(处理Ⅱ)3个处理。结果表明:生育期内尿素配施缓释肥的处理Ⅰ和处理Ⅱ与单施尿素CK处理相比,总氮、铵态氮和硝态氮流失浓度削减量最高分别为2.59,1.60,1.42 mg/L和1.61,1.38,1.25 mg/L;累计流失量与CK相比,处理Ⅰ、处理Ⅱ的总氮、铵态氮和硝态氮累计流失量分别削减18.56%,16.19%,24.31%和10.75%,8.73%,17.08%。在青贮玉米生育期内,配施缓释肥处理土壤较CK处理铵态氮含量分别显著提高13.94%~45.04%和9.63%~22.39%,硝态氮含量分别显著降低3.70%~29.91%,8.61%~12.55%,土壤微生物生物量氮含量分别显著提高22.13%~31.76%,11.80%~22.81%。尿素配施缓释肥也可以显著提高青贮玉米产量和植株氮吸收量,并通过显著提高植株粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量,降低粗灰分和洗涤纤维含量来提高其品质性状。相关性分析可知,径流氮流失与土壤氮含量、青贮玉米产量和植株吸氮量呈负相关关系,土壤氮素与产量和植株氮吸收均呈正相关关系,产量与植株氮吸收呈极显著正相关关系。综上所述,与单施尿素相比,尿素配施缓释氮肥能够减缓土壤氮素的硝化过程,显著增强土壤的固氮能力,维持土壤高氮素水平,进而提高青贮饲用玉米的产量和品质,为红壤坡耕地青贮玉米种植的施肥提供科学理论依据。

有机肥和炭基肥替代化肥对甘薯坡耕地径流氮磷损失的影响

【目的】探讨施用有机肥和炭基肥对甘薯Ipomoea batatas坡耕地土壤氮磷径流流失量及形态的影响,探索径流养分流失量和土壤化学性质之间的关系【方法】采用随机区组设计,共设置4种施肥处理:不施肥、常规化肥、50%质量分数有机肥+50%质量分数化肥(有机肥50%替代)、炭基肥,在5个时间点测定甘薯坡耕地径流及土壤中不同形态氮磷质量浓度及质量分数,计算氮磷流失量与流失系数。【结果】径流总氮、颗粒态氮、硝态氮和铵态氮质量浓度存在峰值效应,不同径流的产流中有机肥50%替代和炭基肥效应不同。与常规化肥处理相比,有机肥50%替代和炭基肥分别减少了每年总氮径流流失量的48.1%和39.6%,而总磷则降低了26.1%和32.7%。有机肥50%替代和炭基肥处理改变了径流氮磷形态组成,减少了肥料径流流失系数。总氮(R^(2)=0.49)和总磷(R^(2)=0.48)径流流失量与土壤硝态氮呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。土壤有效磷分别能解释总氮和总磷径流流失量的60%和41%。【结论】有机肥50%替代和炭基肥是减少坡耕地养分径流损失的有效措施,有机肥50%替代更适合用于减少甘薯坡耕地径流氮流失,而炭基肥更适用于减少径流磷流失。图7表2参33。

有机养分替代对小麦产量、土壤肥力及麦田氮磷径流流失的影响

为探讨不同有机肥替代率对小麦减肥增效及减少麦田氮磷流失的效果,在等氮有机养分替代条件下进行田间小区监测试验,设置8种不同处理,分别为空白对照(CK),常规施肥(CF),100%、50%、30%猪粪有机养分替代氮肥(M1、M2、M3)及100%、50%、30%秸秆有机养分替代氮肥(F1、F2、F3),研究有机肥替代率对小麦产量、麦田氮磷流失、肥料利用率和土壤肥力的影响。结果表明,100%有机养分替代处理与常规施肥处理相比小麦产量均显著降低,但减少了麦田氮径流流失,提高了土壤肥力。麦田不同处理下总氮流失量为21.90~33.66 kg·hm^(-2),与常规施肥处理相比,不同比例猪粪、秸秆有机养分替代处理总氮流失量减少了8.44%~25.94%;总磷流失量为0.60~2.00 kg·hm^(-2),100%有机养分替代处理相比于常规处理总磷流失量升高了24.64%~44.93%。不同处理下小麦氮、磷肥利用率分别为17%~35%、5%~19%,其中30%~50%猪粪有机养分替代处理下氮、磷肥利用率较高,而100%猪粪、秸秆有机养分替代氮、磷肥利用率较常规施肥处理均显著降低。有机养分替代能够缓解土壤酸化,使土壤pH值维持稳定,与常规施肥处理相比,有机养分替代处理下土壤肥力有所提高。综合不同比例猪粪、秸秆有机养分替代对小麦产量、土壤肥力及麦田氮磷径流流失的影响,30%~50%猪粪有机养分替代在保证小麦高产稳产的同时,能有效降低麦田氮径流流失量,且维持较低水平磷径流流失量,是一种适宜的资源有效利用、节肥增效的有机养分替代模式。本研究结果为小麦生产中合理利用养分资源、减少化肥投入、控制麦田氮磷径流流失提供了参考。

沂蒙山区不同强降雨下土壤的氮素流失特征分析

为探讨不同自然强降雨氮素流失特征,实地观测沂蒙山区孟良崮小流域2010年汛期的降雨与径流过程,选取暴雨(汛期首场强降雨)、大雨(土壤水分相对饱和强降雨)和大暴雨(年最大雨强降雨)3场不同典型强降雨,分析降雨径流及氮素流失特征。结果表明,在首场暴雨条件下,除颗粒态氮外,其他形态氮含量在整个降雨过程中均呈现增加趋势;在大雨过程中,总氮含量在径流峰值前达到峰值,溶解态氮和硝态氮含量在径流峰值后达到峰值,并趋于稳定;在大暴雨条件下,总氮和颗粒态氮含量在径流峰值前浓度陡增到最大后迅速降低。总氮与颗粒态氮的流量加权质量浓度表现为大雨<暴雨<大暴雨,溶解态氮流失浓度百分比介于49.9265%～85.292%,且硝态氮在溶解态氮中占主导地位。不同形态氮和泥沙的平均流失率随着降雨强度的增强而增加,均表现为大暴雨>暴雨>大雨。该研究为沂蒙山区小流域水环境保护和非点源污染治理提供依据。

太湖地区农田氮磷流失规律及机制研究

指出了目前过量施肥和田间管理不当等措施造成我国农田肥料氮磷利用率偏低,大量剩余氮磷通过径流流失到邻近水体造成地表水富营养化污染。以太湖地区农田为研究对象,在稻田体系下采用不同灌溉方式(传统灌溉和间歇灌溉)、氮肥类型(尿素和新型缓施氮肥)、磷肥减施(稻季施磷和稻季减磷)等不同试验处理,对水田中氮磷的输入和流失进行了定量分析,从而明确水田中氮磷径流流失的具体规律与关键机制,为太湖地区水田氮磷径流流失防控途径提供理论依据。结果表明:在氮径流流失中主要以铵态氮为主,而磷径流流失中可溶性磷与颗粒态磷所占比例基本相等。在各种不同处理的径流水中,间歇灌溉、新型缓释氮肥及稻季减磷处理氮磷的损失量最小,且该情况下不降低水稻产量。

Effects of Vegetation Coverage and Management Practice on Soil Nitrogen Loss by Erosion in a Hilly Region of the Loess Plateau in China

Soil erosion and nutrient loss due to erosion are world-wide problems. Similar to soil loss by erosion, soil nitrogen (N) loss by erosion in small catchments is affected by vegetation coverage. The practice of comprehensive management for catchments mainly by adjusting cropland, grassland and woodland areas was widely adopted to reduce soil and water loss in catchments of the Chinese Loess Plateau. Three experiments under natural and artificial rainfall conditions on N loss by erosion for a model catchment and for an actual catchment in Zhifanggou of Ansai County in China was performed to determine the relationships between comprehensive management and N loss by runoff in small catchments. The results for vegetation coverage of 60%, 40%, 20% and 0 show that runoff loss of ammonium, nitrate, and total N were 87.08, 44.31, 25.16, 13.71 kg/km(2); 85.50, 74.06, 63.95, 56.23 kg/km(2); and 0.18, 1.18, 1.98, 7.51 t/ km(2), respectively. Due to reduction in the size of cropped area on steeply sloping land, soil N loss by erosion in the catchments was decreased by 15.8% as compared with that in 1992, i.e., from 8 758.5 kg in 1992 to 7 562.2 kg in 1998. Whereas, catchments act as a filter for ammonium and nitrate in rain, the catchment filtering effects on nitrate is remarkably higher than that on ammonium. The enrichment of < 20 mum aggregate in sediment results in the enrichment of organic matter and total N in flood sediment. Greater vegetation coverage can effectively decrease soil erosion and total N loss. However, soil mineral N loss increased as vegetation coverage increased.

Effects of Controlled Release Fertilizer on Loss of Nitrogen and Phosphorus from Farmland

[Objective] The aim was to study on effects of controlled release fertilizer on loss of nitrogen and phosphorus from farmland. [Method] Experiment was conducted in fields planted with rice and corn around Chao Lake and effects of compound fertilizer, controlled release fertilizer and controlled release fertilizer （reduced by 20%） on loss of nitrogen and phosphorus through runoff and leaching were analyzed. [Result] Loss of nitrogen and phosphorus mainly occurred in early stage of fertilizing; loss caused by runoff accounted for over 98% and caused by leaching was lower than 2%, indicating that nutrients of rice and corn mainly lost through runoff. As for controlled release fertilizers with 20% reduced, total loss of N and P decreased by 60% and 63% in rice field and reduced by 27.8% and 34% in corn field, respectively, indicating that controlled release fertilizer would maintain nutrients in soils high in later period of plant growth, improve use efficiency of N and P, reduce N and P loss in rice and corn fields in rainy season, and decrease non-point pollution. [Conclusion] The research suggested that controlled release fertilizer would slow down the loss of nutrients in farmlands, providing scientific references and technological support for extension of controlled release fertilizer and reduction of agricultural non-point pollution.

Nutrient Discharges from a Typical Watershed in the Hilly Area of Subtropical China

Agriculture is still the biggest contributor of non-point source (NPS) pollution to water bodies andrunoff discharges of nutrients and other chemicals are one of the most important pathways. This studywas conducted during 1998～1999 in a typical watershed with complex agriculture and forestry systems aswell as dotted farmer villages, in a transitional region between the mid- and northern subtropical zones ofChina. Continuous sampling of stream water was performed regularly at a weekly frequency, with additionalsampling after all major rainfall events. The discharges of N and P nutrients and suspended materials weremeasured and the total and area-averaged annual discharges of all components were calculated. The resultsshowed an uneven seasonal distribution of nutrient discharges with summer storms contributing most tothe total fluxes. This study demonstrated a high dependence of runoff volume on rainfall but the overallrunoff coefficients were dependent on land use type and watershed size. The area-averaged annual dischargesvaried greatly among the sub-watersheds with different sizes and land use structures. This is the first studyestimating the area-averaged annual discharges of N and P in the hilly areas of subtropical China, which were1.5 g m-2 a-1 and 0.1 g m-2 a-1, respectively, providing important reference values for the assessment ofregional agricultural non-point source pollution.