桌面式高通量微反应系统制备氢氟酸改性锆粉

为连续化高安全性地实现锆粉的感度控制,构建了一个桌面式高通量微反应系统,并验证了利用该系统制备氢氟酸改性锆粉的可行性。通过调节流体流速比、流量及氢氟酸浓度,对改性锆粉的形貌与结构进行了研究。采用热分析法与静电火花感度测试对改性锆粉的热性能与安全性进行了分析。研究结果表明:桌面式高通量微反应系统可以实现形貌良好的锆粉改性制备,并达到每小时百克量级的处理量,改性后锆粉的表面主要由含氟氧化锆层与氢化锆层组成;氢氟酸改性锆粉的氧化速率更快,反应完全所需的时间更短,氧化增重较原料锆降低了4.0%,50%发火能量E_(50)由原料锆粉的1.42 mJ提升至8.98 mJ,静电火花感度明显降低。

光纤耦合微通道反应系统原位监测海水氨氮和亚硝酸盐的研究

原位监测海水中氨氮(NH_(3)-N)和亚硝酸盐(NO_(2)^(-))对于水体富营养化评价十分重要。针对现有的氨氮、亚硝酸盐原位监测仪器难以在同一检测模块中分别实现荧光和分光光度分析,仪器高效集成及利用受到限制等问题,本文基于光纤耦合微通道反应系统,通过光波长切割、光纤波导和微通道反应Z型检测池等技术集成和条件优化,提出了在同一光纤偶联微反应系统中实现氨氮荧光分析和亚硝酸盐分光光度分析的原位测定技术。结果表明,该技术实现了荧光和可见光光度法的模式切换并可分别测定NH_(3)-N和定;不同的盐度对氨氮和亚硝酸盐测定影响较小;不同浊度下氨氮测定误差为-6.6%~2.5%,浊度补偿校正后NO_(2)^(-)测定误差小于0.1%。将该仪器应用于养殖海水中开展氨氮和亚硝酸盐的原位分析,仪器原位监测值与实验室方法测定值相符合。本文所提出的技术在同一模块中分别实现了氨氮和亚硝酸盐的荧光和分光光度两种模式的原位监测,为海水营养盐原位监测仪器的集成化设计提供了新的思路。

微反应系统控制合成硫化铋纳米材料

基于连续、可控合成开发微反应系统与工艺,设计搭建了由注射泵、聚四氟乙烯毛细管以及油浴锅组成的毛细管微反应系统。利用注射泵,通过调节注射泵流速,从而控制反应时间,在极短的时间内合成出三维Bi2S3纳米棒簇。通过改变配体及反应时间,Bi2S3由纳米颗粒向一维纳米棒过渡。利用XRD、TEM对其结构和形貌进行了表征。

微反应器一步法连续合成苯甲醚

苯甲醚是一种重要的化工中间体,其工业生产主要以硫酸二甲酯和苯酚钠为原料,在搅拌釜中通过批次反应获得。该过程生产效率低、原料单耗高,同时存在硫酸二甲酯泄漏的安全隐患。本文提出了由微分散混合器和含有微小填料的静态混合器组合而成的微反应装置,以苯酚、氢氧化钠和硫酸二甲酯为反应原料,实施苯酚钠的形成和苯酚甲基化反应的耦合,实现反应过程的连续化和过程强化。实验考察了进料流量、物料配比、碱液浓度等关键因素对反应的影响,证明了微反应器内传递控制的反应机制。基于微混合器和静态混合元件的传质强化作用,在低于2min的反应时间内获得了98.5%的苯甲醚收率,硫酸二甲酯单耗较传统工艺降低10%,为工业化生产技术的升级换代提供研究基础。

关于新型纳米/微米功能材料化工生产过程的探索

新型纳米/微米功能材料由于其独特的性质,在国民生活中的重要作用日益显著。基础研究的工业化难度较高,基础研究和工业化生产之间缺少工程研发放大的桥梁,工业化研发成本和生产成本高等原因限制了一部分先进纳米/微米功能材料的应用。纳米/微米功能材料的制备方法依据不同的分类方式有多种。在液相反应中,间歇反应过程在应用上有局限性。先进的连续流反应过程正逐渐取代间歇反应过程。其研发和设计要考虑安全性,无颗粒堵塞和堆积,对于关键部件和附属器件进行合理研究和设计等原则。

Mechanical Stimulus Inhibits the Growth of a Bone Tissue Model Cultured In Vitro

Objectives To construct the cancellous bone explant model and a method of culturing these bone tissues in vitro, and to investigate the effect of mechanical load on growth of cancellous bone tissue in vtro. Methods Cancellous bone were extracted from rabbit femoral head and cut into I-ram-thick and 8-ram-diameter slices under sterile conditions. HE staining and scanning electron microscopy were employed to identify the histomorphology of the model after being cultured with a new dynamic load and circulating perfusion bioreactor system for 0, 3, 5, and 7 days, respectively. We built a three-dimensional model using microCT and analyzed the loading effects using finite element analysis. The model was subjected to mechanical load of 1000, 2000, 3000, and 4000 με respectively for 30 minutes per day. After 5 days of continuous stimuli, the activities of alkaline phosphatase （AKP） and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase （TRAP） were detected. Apoptosis was analyzed by DNA ladder detection and caspase-3/8/9 activity detection. Results After being cultured for 3, 5, and 7 days, the bone explant model grew well. HE staining showed the apparent nucleus in cells at the each indicated time, and electron microscope revealed the living cells in the bone tissue. The activities of AKP and TRAP in the bone explant model under mechanical load of 3000 and 4000 με were significantly lower than those in the unstressed bone tissues （all P〈0.05）. DNA ladders were seen in the bone tissue under 3000 and 4000με mechanical load. Moreover, there was significant enhancement in the activities of caspase-3/8/9 in the mechanical stress group of 3000 and 4000 με （all P〈0.05）. Conclusions The cancellous bone explant model extracted from the rabbit femoral head could be alive at least for 7 days in the dynamic load and circulating perfusion bioreactor system, however, pathological mechanical load could affect the bone tissue growth by apoptosis in vitro. The differentiation of osteobiasts and osteoclasts might be inhibited after the model is stimulated by mechanical load of 3000 and 4000 με.

A system combining microbial fuel cell with photobioreactor for continuous domestic wastewater treatment and bioelectricity generation

A coupled system consisting of an upflow membrane-less microbial fuel cell (upflow ML-MFC) and a photobioreactor was developed, and its effectiveness for continuous wastewater treatment and electricity production was evaluated. Wastewater was fed to the upflow ML-MFC to remove chemical oxygen demand (COD), phosphorus and nitrogen with simultaneous electricity generation. The effluent from the cathode compartment of the upflow ML-MFC was then continuously fed to an external photobioreactor for removing the remaining phosphorus and nitrogen using microalgae. Alone, the upflow ML-MFC produces a maximum power density of 481 mW/m 3 , and obtains 77.9% COD, 23.5% total phosphorus (TP) and 97.6% NH4+-N removals. When combined with the photobioreactor, the system achieves 99.3% TP and 99.0% NH4+-N total removal. These results show both the effectiveness and the potential application of the coupled system to continuously treat domestic wastewater and simultaneously generate electricity and biomass.

Optimal design for split-and-recombine-type flow distributors of microreactors based on blockage detection

In order to increase the productivity of microreactors, the parallelization of the microreactors is required. The performances of flow distributors can affect the product yield and fault detection ability when blockage happens.In this research, an optimal design method to calculate the channel diameters and to determine the flow sensor location is derived based on mass balance and pressure balance models of split-and-recombine-type flow distributors(SRFDs). The model accuracy is verified by experiment data. The proposed method is applied to optimal design of SRFDs under constant flow rate operation conditions. The maximum angle difference between normal and blockage conditions at one sensor to those at the other sensors is set to be the objective function and the uniformity of flow distribution in microreactors under normal condition is also required. The diameters of each pipe in SRFDs are selected as the design variables. Simulated annealing algorithm is used to solve the optimization problem. The effectiveness of the optimal design results is demonstrated by fluid dynamics simulations. The results show that using the optimal channel diameters of SRFDs, the pressure drop in SRFD section is lower than that of the microreactor section. Meanwhile, in the case studies, only a few sensors that are located inside the SRFDs can easily detect the blockage abnormal condition in the parallelized microreactor system.

Nanotechnology:fundamental research to product development

The concept of an integrated "lab on a chip" has long been a goal for the micro-electro-mechanical-systems(MEMS) community.This would entail the integration of not only the sampling and analysis of various functions,but also the ability to transmit this information off the chip to a central repository.This paper describes the initial steps in the fabrication of a "lab on a chip" which would continually analyze blood sampled via microneedles using techniques such as nano plasmonics,specifically,concentrations of glucose.The analysis could then be transmitted off the chip using digital signal processing.This paper describes the analysis and optimization of the microneedle shape and size and the fabrication of the resulting needles in silicon using deep reactive ion etching(DRIE).The paper also describes the opportunities for fabrication of such needles in alternative materials and describes the issues that still have to be overcome before such an integrated device is realized.

Detector control system for Daya Bay Reactor Neutrino Experiment

The Daya Bay Reactor Neutrino Experiment is to measure the smallest mixing angle θ13.The experiment contains three major experiment halls,Daya Bay near site,Linao near site and far site,and two major kinds of detectors,antineutrino detector which is to detect the antineutrinos by the inverse beta-decay reaction in Gd-LS,and muon detector which is to study and reject cosmogenic backgrounds.The goal of the detector control system(DCS)is to operate and detect the detectors and keep them running in safety.In consideration of the limited fund of this system and manpower of working on this system,the LabVIEW is chosen to develop the detector control system.The architecture of DCS adopts the distributed data management which is based on client-server model.The server part is to detect and operate parameters from hardware,save data to database and release data to clients,the client is to receive data from the server.The detector control system contains three parts:the hardware part,the local control system and the global control part.The local control system includes high voltage supply system,low voltage supply system,VME crate system,temperature and humidity system,gas pressure system,and so on.

Development and characterization of a microfluidic glucose sensing system based on an enzymatic microreactor and chemiluminescence detection

Chemiluminescence detection was developed as an alternative to amperometric detection for glucose analysis in a portable, microfluidicsbased continuous glucose monitoring system. Amperometric detection allows easy determination of hydrogen peroxide, a product of the glucose oxidasecatalyzed reaction of glucose with oxygen, by oxidation at a microelectrode. However, （micro）electrodes in direct contact with physiological sample are subject to electrode fouling, which leads to signal drift, decreased reproducibility and shortened detector lifetimes. Moreover, there are a few species present in the body （e.g. ascorbic acid, uric acid） which can undergo oxidation at the same applied potential as hydrogen peroxide. These species can thus inter- fere with the glucose measurement, reducing detection specificity. The rationale for exploring chemiluminescence as opposed to amperometric detection is thus to attempt to improve the lifetime and reproducibility of glucose analysis for monitoring purposes, while reducing interference caused by other chemicals in the body. The study reported here represents a first step in this direction, namely the realization of a microfluidic device with integrated silicon photodiode for chemiluminescence detection of glucose. This microflow device uses a chaotic mixing approach to perform enzymatic conversion of glucose, followed by reaction of the hydrogen peroxide produced with luminol to produce light at 425 nm. The chemil reaction is catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase in the presence of iodophenol. The performance of the fabricated chip was characterized to establish optimal reaction conditions with respect to sample and reagent flow rates, pH, and concentrations. A linear calibra- tion curve was obtained for current response as a function of glucose concentration in the clinically relevant range between 2 and 10 mM, with a sensitivity of 39 pA/mM （R = 0.9963, one device, n = 3） and a limit of detection of 230 ktM （S/N - 3）.

On a reaction-diffusion model for sterile insect release method on a bounded domain

We consider a system of partial differential equations that describes the interaction of the sterile and fertile species undergoing the sterile insect release method （SIRM）. Unlike in the previous work [M. A. Lewis and P. van den Driessche, Waves of extinction from sterile insect release, Math. Biosci. 5 （1992） 221 247] where the habitat is assumed to be the one-dimensional whole space ~, we consider this system in a bounded one- dimensional domain （interval）. Our goal is to derive sufficient conditions for success of the SIRM. We show the existence of the fertile-free steady state and prove its stability. Using the releasing rate as the parameter, and by a saddle-node bifurcation analysis, we obtain conditions for existence of two co-persistence steady states, one stable and the other unstable. Biological implications of our mathematical results are that： （i） when the fertile population is at low level, the SIRM, even with small releasing rate, can successfully eradicate the fertile insects; （ii） when the fertile population is at a higher level, the SIRM can succeed as long as the strength of the sterile releasing is large enough, while the method may also fail if the releasing is not sufficient.